Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Preface 1. Introduction to rock physics 2. Rock physics interpretation of texture, lithology and compaction 3. Statistical rock physics: combining rock physics, information theory, and statistics to reduce uncertainty 4. Common techniques for quantitative seismic interpretation 5. Case studies: lithology and pore-fluid prediction from seismic data 6. Workflows and guide lines 7. Hands-on References Index.

Quantitative Seismic Interpretation: Applying Rock Physics Tools to Reduce Interpretation Risk

Seismic velocity is one of the most important parameters used in seismic exploration. Accurate velocity models are the key prerequisites for reverse time migration and other high-resolution...

Deep-learning inversion: A next-generation seismic velocity model building method

Introduction.- The facies and architecture of fluvial systems.- Allogenic sedimentary controls.- Sequence stratigraphy.- Modern depositional systems.- Ancient depositional systems.

Fluvial Depositional Systems

Two-dimensional, fenced 2-D, and 3-D isosurface displays of some realistic 3-D seismic models built in the lower Miocene Powderhorn Field, Calhoun County, Texas, demonstrate that a seismic event does not necessarily follow an impedance boundary defined by a geological time surface. Instead, the position of a filtered impedance boundary relative to the geological time surface may vary with seismic frequency because of inadequate resolution of seismic data and to the en echelon or ramp arrangement of impedance anomalies of sandstone. Except for some relatively time-parallel seismic events, the correlation error of event picking is large enough to distort or even miss the majority of the target zone on stratal slices. In some cases, reflections from sandstone bodies in different depositional units interfere to form a single event and, in one instance, an event tying as many as six depositional units (interbedded sandy and shaly layers) over 50 m was observed. Frequency independence is a necessary condition for selecting time-parallel reference events. Instead of event picking, phantom mapping between such reference events is a better technique for picking stratal slices, making it possible to map detailed depositional facies within reservoir sequences routinely and reliably from 3-D seismic data.

Stratal slicing, Part I: Realistic 3-D seismic model

Three‐dimensional seismic data from the Gulf of Mexico Tertiary section show a close dependence of seismic events on data frequency. While some events remain frequency independent, many events exhibit different occurrences with changing frequency and, therefore, are not parallel to geologic time surfaces. In the data set we have studied, observed maximum time transgression of seismic events is at least 120 ms traveltime on lower frequency sections. Severe interference in lower frequency data may produce false seismic facies characteristics and obscure the true stratigraphic relationships. This phenomenon has important implications for seismic interpretation, particularly for sequence stratigraphic studies. This time transgression problem is mitigated to a large degree by the stratal slicing technique discussed in Part I of this paper. Stratal slicing on a workstation is done by first tracking frequency‐independent, geologic‐time‐equivalent reference seismic events, then building a stratal time model and a...

Stratal slicing, Part II : Real 3-D seismic data

We introduce a seismic-sedimentological approach for mapping high-frequency (fourth-order) sequences and systems tracts using well and three-dimensional seismic data. Key techniques include (1) conditioning seismic data to log lithology by 90 phasing for better well-log integration and (2) imaging and interpreting the sequential, planoform geomorphology of the depositional systems. We recommend a new interpretation procedure that shifts the emphasis of high-frequency sequence-stratigraphic studies from interpreting vertical seismic sections to analyzing more horizontal, high-resolution, seismic-geomorphologic information.This case study shows that stratal slicing in lithology-conditioned seismic data provides sequential seismic imagery of generally contemporaneous depositional systems. This imagery, in turn, serves as a basis for recognizing and mapping high-frequency systems tracts, sequence boundaries, and sequences in a geologic-time domain. In Miocene strata of offshore Louisiana, fourth-order sequences or sequence sets from well data can be seismically mapped at a resolution equivalent to 30 ft (10 m) in thickness from a 30-Hz dominant-frequency seismic data set. The resolution is sufficient for an accurate reconstruction of the high-frequency sequence-stratigraphic framework in the region of seismic coverage outside well control.

High-frequency sequence stratigraphy from seismic sedimentology: Applied to Miocene, Vermilion Block 50, Tiger Shoal area, offshore Louisiana

We discuss, in a two-part article, the benefits of 90°-phase wavelets in stratigraphic and lithologic interpretation of seismically thin beds. In Part 1, seismic models of Ricker wavelets with selected phases are constructed to assess interpretability of composite waveforms in increasingly complex geologic settings. Although superior for single surface and thick-layer interpretation, zero-phase seismic data are not optimal for interpreting beds thinner than a wavelength because their antisymmetric thin-bed responses tie to the reflectivity series rather than to impedance logs. Nonsymmetrical wavelets (e.g., minimum-phase wavelets) are generally not recommended for interpretation because their asymmetric composite waveforms have large side lobes. Integrated zero-phase traces are also less desirable because they lose high-frequency components in the integration process. However, the application of 90°-phase data consistently improves seismic interpretability. The unique symmetry of 90°-phase thin-bed response eliminates the dual polarity of thin-bed responses, resulting in better imagery of thin-bed geometry, impedance profiles, lithology, and stratigraphy. Less amplitude distortion and less stratigraphy-independent, thin-bed interference lead to more accurate acoustic impedance estimation from amplitude data and a better tie of seismic traces to lithology-indicative wireline logs. Field data applications are presented in part 2 of this article.

Interpretive advantages of 90°-phase wavelets: Part 1 — Modeling

High-quality three-dimensional seismic data acquired in the central Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, western China, provide a rare opportunity to characterize in exceptional detail the three-dimensional geomorphology of a deeply buried (5500–6500 m [18,045–21,325 ft]) Ordovician unconformity and the related paleokarst drainage system. An integrated approach was applied that emphasized integration of seismic data with available conventional core, wireline logs, and age-equivalent outcrops. The exceptional quality of the seismic data allowed a seismic detection limit of karstified features of less than 75 75 m (246 246 ft) horizontally and 6 m (20 ft) vertically. Interpreted geomorphologic and depositional elements include fluvial channels and canyons, fluvial valleys, sinkholes, and tower karsts and hills. The modern tower karst-drainage system in Guilin, China, is very similar to the mapped Ordovician karst-drainage system and is used as a modern analog. The interaction between the surface karst-drainage system and the shallow-subsurface cave-passage system is evidenced by the observation that surface canyons appear to initiate in areas associated with intense sinkhole development. Also, surface river valleys tend to correspond to dip-oriented surface depressions partly related to near-surface cave collapse. During burial into the deeper subsurface, the combination of intrastratal collapse (karstified strata) and suprastratal collapse (postkarst-deposited strata) created large damage zones hundreds of meters thick and kilometers wide. Coalesced-collapsed paleocave systems can be interpreted from the unique circular pattern of faults (observed in map view) that are associated with seismic bright spots.

Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology and analysis of the Ordovician paleokarst drainage system in the central Tabei Uplift, northern Tarim Basin, western China

Hongliu Zeng

Papers

Stratal slicing, Part II : Real 3-D seismic data

Stratal slicing, Part I: Realistic 3-D seismic model

High-frequency sequence stratigraphy from seismic sedimentology: Applied to Miocene, Vermilion Block 50, Tiger Shoal area, offshore Louisiana

Interpretive advantages of 90°-phase wavelets: Part 1 — Modeling

Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology and analysis of the Ordovician paleokarst drainage system in the central Tabei Uplift, northern Tarim Basin, western China