Rapid advancements in modern electronics have been starved of further breakthroughs to achieve high-energy, large-power, and long-running energy storage devices Carbon-based supercapacitors (CSs) are promising large-power systems that can store electrical energy at the interface between the carbonaceous electrode surface and adsorbed electrolyte layer However, commercial CSs using activated carbons suffer from limited energy densities in the organic electrolytes owing to sluggish mass diffusion and restricted charge accumulation To overcome these issues, significant efforts have been devoted toward increasing the energy storage of CSs by the exploration of both large-capacitance electrodes and high-potential electrolytes This paper reviews the recent advances made in the two core components (ie, electrodes and electrolytes) of CSs Firstly, we describe the involved energy storage mechanisms of CSs, followed by a brief overview of the key factors affecting the electrochemical performances Then, novel design concepts have been summarized that can be used to fabricate carbon-based electrodes, such as microporous carbons, mesoporous carbons, hierarchical porous carbons, functionalized carbons, and carbon composites Further, tailoring of the geometrical morphologies, pore structures, and surface functionalities can be discussed in pursuit of large-capacitance electrodes Furthermore, various types of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes, such as water-in-salt, organic media, ionic liquids, and (quasi-)solid-state electrolytes, have been systematically investigated to settle the water hydrolysis concern of traditional electrolytes Finally, the challenges in maximizing the synergistic effect between the electrodes and electrolytes are summarized, and we have proposed the future outlook for the development of advanced CSs

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Recent advances in carbon-based supercapacitors

Following the advancements and diversification in synthetic strategies for porous covalent materials in the literature, the materials science community started to investigate the performance of covalent organic polymers (COPs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) in applications that require large surface areas for interaction with other molecules, chemical stability, and insolubility. Sensorics is an area where COPs and COFs have demonstrated immense potential and achieved high levels of sensitivity and selectivity on account of their tunable structures. In this review, we focus on those covalent polymeric systems that use fluorescence spectroscopy as a method of detection. After briefly reviewing the physical basis of fluorescence-based sensors, we delve into various kinds of analytes that have been explored with COPs and COFs, namely, heavy metal ions, explosives, biological molecules, amines, pH, volatile organic compounds and solvents, iodine, enantiomers, gases, and anions. Throughout this work, we discuss the mechanisms involved in each sensing application and aim to quantify the potency of the discussed sensors by providing limits of detection and quenching constants when available. This review concludes with a summary of the surveyed literature and raises a few concerns that should be addressed in the future development of COP and COF fluorescence-based sensors.

Covalent Organic Polymers and Frameworks for Fluorescence-Based Sensors.

Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of crystalline porous materials, are proposed as a new type of support for grafting lanthanide ions (Ln(3+)) and employing these hybrid materials as ratiometric luminescent thermometers. ATpBpy-COF-prepared from 1,3,5-triformyl-phloroglucinol (Tp) and 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-diamine (Bpy) grafted with Eu/Tb and Dy acetylacetone (acac) complexes can be successfully used as a luminescent thermometer in the 10-360 K (Eu) and 280-440 K (Tb) ranges with good sensing properties (thermal sensitivity up to 1.403% K-1, temperature uncertainty delta T < 1 K above 110 K). For the Eu/Tb systems, we observe an unusual and rarely reported behavior, that is, no thermal quenching of the Tb3+ emission, a result of the absence of ion-to-ligand/host energy back-transfer. The LnCOF materials proposed here could be a new class of materials employed for temperature-sensing applications following up on the well-known luminescent metal-organic framework thermometers.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anie.201916184

Developing Luminescent Ratiometric Thermometers Based on a Covalent Organic Framework (COF)

In this review, we discuss the progress in the preparation methods and diverse applications for covalent triazine frameworks, hypercrosslinked polymers, covalent organic frameworks, and conjugated microporous polymers. 

Advances in porous organic polymers: syntheses, structures, and diverse applications

Recent investigations and progress in environmental remediation by using covalent organic framework-based adsorption method: A review

Chronical exposure to volatile acetone could damage to the liver and kidney or nerve, and cause inflammation. Design of novel materials for the sensitive and selective detection of acetone is of great importance. We report on a europium (Eu)-containing covalent organic framework (DhaTab-COF-EuIL) synthesized via a Schiff-base reaction between 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde (Dha) and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (Tab) followed by an ionic liquid (IL)-modification and then ion displacement. The resulting DhaTab-COF-EuIL is microporous and crystalline, and not only presents unique dual luminescence emissions of Eu3+ and COF material, but also exhibits remarkable luminescence quenching toward acetone. Especially, the DhaTab-COF-EuIL could be a novel luminescent sensor, displaying high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of volatile acetone with a limit of detection down to 1%.

Europium Ionic Liquid Grafted Covalent Organic Framework with Dual Luminescence Emissions as Sensitive and Selective Acetone Sensor

Fiber-shaped supercapacitors (FSCs) are promising energy storage devices that meet the growing demands for the miniaturization, flexibility, and compatibility of wearable electronics. However, when...

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Conjugated Microporous Polymer Network Grafted Carbon Nanotube Fibers with Tunable Redox Activity for Efficient Flexible Wearable Energy Storage

Green Synthesis of Pyridyl Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Precursors for Porous Carbon Microspheres for Efficient Electrochemical Energy Storage

Capturing volatile radioactive nuclides including iodine (I129 or I131 ) is one of the major problems to be solved for environmental sustainability. Multiple types of functional microporous materials such as metal organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks have been constructed for iodine emission control. However, most of the microporous materials are limited by their weak binding force with iodine and low stability, leading to low capture efficiencies. Herein, the synthesis of pyridyl conjugated microporous polymer networks with large surface areas (PCMP-Y) up to 1304 m2 g-1 and high yields up to 95% via a simple Yamamoto cross-coupling reaction, is reported. The PCMP-Y carries amine and pyridine N groups which have stronger interactions with iodine molecules. The high specific surface areas and porosities of PCMP-Y facilitate iodine capture, delivering a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.75 g g-1 in a short time (3 h), which is superior to a majority of porous materials reported. Moreover, the reversible desorption nature of PCMP-Y capturing iodine imparts a platform for metal-free heterogeneous catalyst, which can be applied to synthesize aminobenzothiazole medicines via O2 -promoted cascade reactions.

High-Yield Synthesis of Pyridyl Conjugated Microporous Polymer Networks with Large Surface Areas: From Molecular Iodine Capture to Metal-Free Heterogeneous Catalysis

The invention relates to a covalent organic framework fluorescent probe for iron ion detection and a preparation method thereof. The covalent organic framework fluorescent probe is prepared through Schiff base reaction. The preparation process is simple and convenient to operate, and the obtained probe polymer has a wide application range, and has good application prospects in aspects of fluorescence detection, gas adsorption, biological carriers and the like.

Hongyu Zuo

Papers

Europium Ionic Liquid Grafted Covalent Organic Framework with Dual Luminescence Emissions as Sensitive and Selective Acetone Sensor

Conjugated Microporous Polymer Network Grafted Carbon Nanotube Fibers with Tunable Redox Activity for Efficient Flexible Wearable Energy Storage

Green Synthesis of Pyridyl Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Precursors for Porous Carbon Microspheres for Efficient Electrochemical Energy Storage

High-Yield Synthesis of Pyridyl Conjugated Microporous Polymer Networks with Large Surface Areas: From Molecular Iodine Capture to Metal-Free Heterogeneous Catalysis

Covalent organic skeleton fluorescent probe for iron ion detection and preparation method thereof