An introduction to heat transfer

Climate change and global warming as the main human societies’ threats are fundamentally associated with energy consumption and GHG emissions. The residential sector, representing 27% and 17% of global energy consumption and CO2 emissions, respectively, has a considerable role to mitigate global climate change. Ten countries, including China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Canada, Iran, and the UK, account for two-thirds of global CO2 emissions. Thus, these countries’ residential energy consumption and GHG emissions have direct, significant effects on the world environment. The aim of this paper is to review the status and current trends of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and energy policies in the residential sector, both globally and in those ten countries. It was found that global residential energy consumption grew by 14% from 2000 to 2011. Most of this increase has occurred in developing countries, where population, urbanization and economic growth have been the main driving factors. Among the ten studied countries, all of the developed ones have shown a promising trend of reduction in CO2 emissions, apart from the US and Japan, which showed a 4% rise. Globally, the residential energy market is dominated by traditional biomass (40% of the total) followed by electricity (21%) and natural gas (20%), but the total proportion of fossil fuels has decreased over the past decade. Energy policy plays a significant role in controlling energy consumption. Different energy policies, such as building energy codes, incentives, energy labels have been employed by countries. Those policies can be successful if they are enhanced by making them mandatory, targeting net-zero energy building, and increasing public awareness about new technologies. However, developing countries, such as China, India and Iran, still encounter with considerable growth in GHG emissions and energy consumption, which are mostly related to the absence of strong, efficient policy.

A global review of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO2 emitting countries)

Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEEs) is currently considered to be one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world, with an estimated growth rate going from 3% up to 5% per year. The recycling of Electric or electronic waste (E-waste) products could allow the diminishing use of virgin resources in manufacturing and, consequently, it could contribute in reducing the environmental pollution. Given that EU is trying, since the last two decades, to develop a circular economy based on the exploitation of resources recovered by wastes, a comprehensive framework supporting the decision-making process of multi-WEEE recycling centres will be analysed in this paper. An economic assessment will define the potential revenues coming from the recovery of 14 e-products (e.g. LCD notebooks, LED notebooks, CRT TVs, LCD TVs, LED TVs, CRT monitors, LCD monitors, LED monitors, cell phones, smart phones, PV panels, HDDs, SSDs and tablets) on the base of current and future disposed volumes in Europe. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis will be used to test the impact of some critical variables (e.g. price of recovered materials, input materials composition, degree of purity obtained by the recycling process, volumes generated, and percentage of collected waste) on specific economic indexes. A discussion of the economic assessment results shows the main challenges in the recycling sector and streamlines some concrete solutions.

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Recycling of WEEEs: An economic assessment of present and future e-waste streams

Load forecasting (LF) plays important role in planning and operation of power systems. It is envisioned that future smart grids will utilize LF and dynamic pricing based techniques for effective Demand Side Management (DSM). This paper presents a comprehensive and comparative review of the LF and dynamic pricing schemes in smart grid environment. Real Time Pricing (RTP), Time of Use (ToU) and Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) are discussed in detail. Two major categories of LF: mathematical and artificial intelligence based computational models are elaborated with subcategories. Mathematical models including auto recursive, moving average, auto recursive moving average, auto recursive integrated moving average, exponential smoothing, iterative reweighted mean square, multiple regression, etc. used for effective DSM are discussed. Neural networks, fuzzy logic, expert systems of the second major category of LF models have also been described.

Load forecasting, dynamic pricing and DSM in smart grid: A review

The need for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly refrigeration, heat pumping, air conditioning, and thermal energy harvesting systems is currently more urgent than ever. Magnetocaloric energy conversion is among the best available alternatives for achieving these technological goals and has been the subject of substantial basic and applied research over the last two decades. The subject is strongly interdisciplinary, requiring proper understanding and efficient integration of knowledge in different specialized fields. This review article presents a historical and up-to-date account of the energy-related applications of magnetocaloric materials and information about their processing and magnetic fields, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and other relevant characteristics. The article also discusses the conceptual design of magnetocaloric refrigeration and power generation systems and some guidelines for future research in the field.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aenm.201903741

Energy Applications of Magnetocaloric Materials

Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles

Energy and exergy comparison of a flat-plate solar collector using water, Al2O3 nanofluid, and CuO nanofluid

This paper comprehensively reviews the recent studies on advanced vapor compression cycle technologies. These technologies are categorized in three groups: subcooling cycles, expansion loss recovery cycles, and multi-stage cycles. The subcooling cycle research is focused on a suction-line heat exchanger, thermoelectric subcooler and mechanical subcooler. The expansion loss recovery cycles are mainly focused on utilizing an expander and ejector. The multi-stage cycle research includes a vapor or liquid refrigerant injection cycle, two-phase refrigerant injection cycle. All these advanced vapor compression cycle technology options are reviewed, and their effects are discussed. In recent years, the research and development have been made to improve the performance of the VCC. This paper presents the improved cycle options and their comprehensive review. From the review results, several future research needs were suggested.

Hoseong Lee

Papers

Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles

Energy and exergy comparison of a flat-plate solar collector using water, Al2O3 nanofluid, and CuO nanofluid

Recent advances in vapor compression cycle technologies.

Experimental investigation of energy and exergy performance of short term adsorption heat storage for residential application

Heating performance characteristics of a dual source heat pump using air and waste heat in electric vehicles