다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...

Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

A promising family of mixed transition-metal oxides (MTMOs) (designated as Ax B3-x O4 ; A, B=Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, etc.) with stoichiometric or even non-stoichiometric compositions, typically in a spinel structure, has recently attracted increasing research interest worldwide. Benefiting from their remarkable electrochemical properties, these MTMOs will play significant roles for low-cost and environmentally friendly energy storage/conversion technologies. In this Review, we summarize recent research advances in the rational design and efficient synthesis of MTMOs with controlled shapes, sizes, compositions, and micro-/nanostructures, along with their applications as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors, and efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in metal-air batteries and fuel cells. Some future trends and prospects to further develop advanced MTMOs for next-generation electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems are also presented.

Mixed transition-metal oxides: design, synthesis, and energy-related applications.

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are three key reactions for the development of green and sustainable energy systems. Efficient electrocatalysts for these reactions are highly desired to lower their overpotentials and promote practical applications of related energy devices. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as precursors to fabricate carbon-based electrocatalysts with high electrical conductivity and uniformly distributed active sites. In this review, the current progress of MOF-derived carbon-based materials for ORR/OER/HER electrocatalysis is presented. Materials design strategies of MOF-derived carbon-based materials are firstly summarized to show the rich possibilities of the morphology and composition of MOF-derived carbon-based materials. A wide range of applications based on these materials for ORR, OER, HER and multifunctional electrocatalysis are discussed, with an emphasis on the required features of MOF-derived carbon-based materials for the electrocatalysis of corresponding reactions. Finally, perspectives on the development of MOF-derived carbon-based materials for ORR, OER and HER electrocatalysis are provided.

MOF-derived electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions

Transition-metal (Fe, Co, Ni) based metal-organic framework materials with controllable structures, large surface areas and adjustable pore sizes have attracted wide research interest for use in next-generation electrochemical energy-storage devices. This review introduces the synthesis of transition-metal (Fe, Co, Ni) based metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives with the focus on their application in supercapacitors and batteries.

Transition‐Metal (Fe, Co, Ni) Based Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Transition Metal Sulfides Based on Graphene for Electrochemical Energy Storage

As a new class of crystalline porous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received great attention owing to their unique advantages of ultrahigh surface area, large pore volume and versatile applications. Developing different strategies to control the morphology and size of MOFs is very important for their practical applications. Recently, micro/nanosized MOFs have been regarded as promising candidates for electrode materials with excellent performances, which not only bridge the gap between fundamental MOF science and forward-looking applications, but also provide an opportunity to make clear the relationship between morphologies and properties. This review focuses on the design and fabrication of one-, two- and three-dimensional MOFs at micro/nanoscale, and their direct applications in batteries, supercapacitors and electrocatalysis. A discussion on challenges and future prospects of the synthesis and electrochemical applications of micro/nanoscaled MOF materials is presented.

Synthesis of micro/nanoscaled metal-organic frameworks and their direct electrochemical applications.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), an emerging class of porous materials, have shown intriguing and promising properties in a wide range of applications due to their versatile structures, large surface areas, tunable porosity and tailorable chemistry. In recent years one of the most active research fields is to explore energy applications of MOF-based materials. In this review, we present a critical overview on the recent progress of the use of MOF-based materials for gaseous fuel storage, chemical hydrogen storage, solar and electrochemical energy storage and conversion. The challenges and opportunities towards advanced energy technologies with the MOF-based materials are discussed.

Huan Pang

Papers

MOF-derived electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions

Transition‐Metal (Fe, Co, Ni) Based Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Transition Metal Sulfides Based on Graphene for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Synthesis of micro/nanoscaled metal-organic frameworks and their direct electrochemical applications.

Metal–organic frameworks as a platform for clean energy applications