抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

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Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology.

Microfabricated integrated circuits revolutionized computation by vastly reducing the space, labor, and time required for calculations. Microfluidic systems hold similar promise for the large-scale automation of chemistry and biology, suggesting the possibility of numerous experiments performed rapidly and in parallel, while consuming little reagent. While it is too early to tell whether such a vision will be realized, significant progress has been achieved, and various applications of significant scientific and practical interest have been developed. Here a review of the physics of small volumes (nanoliters) of fluids is presented, as parametrized by a series of dimensionless numbers expressing the relative importance of various physical phenomena. Specifically, this review explores the Reynolds number Re, addressing inertial effects; the Peclet number Pe, which concerns convective and diffusive transport; the capillary number Ca expressing the importance of interfacial tension; the Deborah, Weissenberg, and elasticity numbers De, Wi, and El, describing elastic effects due to deformable microstructural elements like polymers; the Grashof and Rayleigh numbers Gr and Ra, describing density-driven flows; and the Knudsen number, describing the importance of noncontinuum molecular effects. Furthermore, the long-range nature of viscous flows and the small device dimensions inherent in microfluidics mean that the influence of boundaries is typically significant. A variety of strategies have been developed to manipulate fluids by exploiting boundary effects; among these are electrokinetic effects, acoustic streaming, and fluid-structure interactions. The goal is to describe the physics behind the rich variety of fluid phenomena occurring on the nanoliter scale using simple scaling arguments, with the hopes of developing an intuitive sense for this occasionally counterintuitive world.

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Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale

Detection of chemical and biological agents plays a fundamental role in biomedical, forensic and environmental sciences1–4 as well as in anti bioterrorism applications.5–7 The development of highly sensitive, cost effective, miniature sensors is therefore in high demand which requires advanced technology coupled with fundamental knowledge in chemistry, biology and material sciences.8–13

In general, sensors feature two functional components: a recognition element to provide selective/specific binding with the target analytes and a transducer component for signaling the binding event. An efficient sensor relies heavily on these two essential components for the recognition process in terms of response time, signal to noise (S/N) ratio, selectivity and limits of detection (LOD).14,15 Therefore, designing sensors with higher efficacy depends on the development of novel materials to improve both the recognition and transduction processes. Nanomaterials feature unique physicochemical properties that can be of great utility in creating new recognition and transduction processes for chemical and biological sensors15–27 as well as improving the S/N ratio by miniaturization of the sensor elements.28

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess distinct physical and chemical attributes that make them excellent scaffolds for the fabrication of novel chemical and biological sensors (Figure 1).29–36 First, AuNPs can be synthesized in a straightforward manner and can be made highly stable. Second, they possess unique optoelectronic properties. Third, they provide high surface-to-volume ratio with excellent biocompatibility using appropriate ligands.30 Fourth, these properties of AuNPs can be readily tuned varying their size, shape and the surrounding chemical environment. For example, the binding event between recognition element and the analyte can alter physicochemical properties of transducer AuNPs, such as plasmon resonance absorption, conductivity, redox behavior, etc. that in turn can generate a detectable response signal. Finally, AuNPs offer a suitable platform for multi-functionalization with a wide range of organic or biological ligands for the selective binding and detection of small molecules and biological targets.30–32,36 Each of these attributes of AuNPs has allowed researchers to develop novel sensing strategies with improved sensitivity, stability and selectivity. In the last decade of research, the advent of AuNP as a sensory element provided us a broad spectrum of innovative approaches for the detection of metal ions, small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, malignant cells, etc. in a rapid and efficient manner.37



Figure 1

Physical properties of AuNPs and schematic illustration of an AuNP-based detection system.



In this current review, we have highlighted the several synthetic routes and properties of AuNPs that make them excellent probes for different sensing strategies. Furthermore, we will discuss various sensing strategies and major advances in the last two decades of research utilizing AuNPs in the detection of variety of target analytes including metal ions, organic molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and microorganisms.

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Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing.

5.1. Detection Formats 475 5.2. Food Quality and Safety Analysis 477 5.2.1. Pathogens 477 5.2.2. Toxins 479 5.2.3. Veterinary Drugs 479 5.2.4. Vitamins 480 5.2.5. Hormones 480 5.2.6. Diagnostic Antibodies 480 5.2.7. Allergens 481 5.2.8. Proteins 481 5.2.9. Chemical Contaminants 481 5.3. Medical Diagnostics 481 5.3.1. Cancer Markers 481 5.3.2. Antibodies against Viral Pathogens 482 5.3.3. Drugs and Drug-Induced Antibodies 483 5.3.4. Hormones 483 5.3.5. Allergy Markers 483 5.3.6. Heart Attack Markers 484 5.3.7. Other Molecular Biomarkers 484 5.4. Environmental Monitoring 484 5.4.1. Pesticides 484 5.4.2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 485 5.4.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 485 5.4.4. Heavy Metals 485 5.4.5. Phenols 485 5.4.6. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 487 5.4.7. Dioxins 487 5.5. Summary 488 6. Conclusions 489 7. Abbreviations 489 8. Acknowledgment 489 9. References 489

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

Objective: The purpose of this case study is to report the effectiveness of Baliao acupoints electro-acupuncture treatment on a neurogenic overactive bladder induced by stroke.Method: A patient suffering from middle cerebral artery infarction was diagnosed with a neurogenic overactive bladder and treated by Korean medicine, including electro-acupuncture on Baliao acupoints six times per week. The evaluation was performed by monitoring urinary frequency and using the Korean versions of the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QoL).Results: After 27 days of electro-acupuncture treatment, the OABSS score improved from 6 to 3. The I-QoL total score improved from 60 to 87. The patient also showed a decrease in nocturia frequency.Conclusion: This case suggests that electro-acupuncture on Baliao acupoints can be effective for overactive bladders due to supra-pontine lesions.

Clinical Report of Baliao Electroacupuncture Treatment on a Stroke Patient Suffering from a Neurogenic Overactive Bladder

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing suicide attempts among middle school students with suicidal ideation.Methods: Data were from the 2019 Youth Health Risk Behavior Web-based survey collected by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program.Results: Participants were 29,384 middle school students, there were 14.1% of suicide ideation, and 22.2% of them attempted suicide. Among the students with suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts were higher in those who had experiences of alcohol drinking, smoking, substance abuse, and sexual intercourse.Conclusion: Therefore, to prevent suicide accidents among middle school students, there is a need for strategies that would reduce problem behavior such as alcohol drinking, smoking, sexual intercourse, and substance abuse. For middle school students who have already experienced problem behavior, efficient plans should be established for screening, prevention, and treatment of the high-risk groups in suicide attempts.

Predictors of Suicide Attempt among Middle School Students with Suicidal Ideation: Analysis of Data from the 15th (2019) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey

Determination of LEDs arrangement in a plant factory using a 3D ray-tracing simulation and evaluation on growth of Cucurbitaceae seedlings

연구목적: 본 연구는 성인 ADHD 위험군 집단을 대상으로 모호한 얼굴 표정 자극에 대한 인식 편향 및 정서 점화 효과가 나타나는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 대학생을 대상으로 한국판 Conners 성인 ADHD 평정척도(CAARS-K)를 실시하여, 점수에 따라 ADHD 위험군 집단(n=15), 정상통제 집단(n=15)으로 구분하였다. 참가자들은 Psychopy 3.1.2를 통해 제작된 몰핑 얼굴 표정에 대한 2안 강제선택 과제를 실시하였으며 실험 1에서는 단일 정서가의 단어 자극을, 실험2에서는 얼굴 자극을 각각 점화 자극으로 사용하였다. 연구결과: 성인 ADHD 위험군 집단의 경우, 실험 1에서는 SOA 1,000ms에서 점화-표적 정서가 일치한 경우의 정반응률이 유의하게 높은 반면, 실험 2에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않아 단어 자극에 대한 점화 효과만 관찰되었다. 한편, 통제 집단은 실험 1에서 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았으나, 실험 2에서 SOA 150ms 내 점화-표적 정서가 일치한 경우의 정반응률이 가장 높게 나타나 얼굴 자극에 대한 점화 효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 결론: 정서 단어가 점화 자극으로 제공되었을 때, 통제 집단은 점화-표적 정서가 일치할 경우 150ms에서만 점화 효과가 나타났다. 반면 위험군 집단은 점화-표적 정서가 일치한 경우에 1,000ms에서 점화 효과가 나타나, 통제 집단에 비해 점화 자극에 대한 타임 코스가 비교적 느리게 나타나는 것으로 시사되었다. 한편, 정서 얼굴이 점화 자극으로 제공되었을 때는 통제 집단에서만 150ms에서 점화 효과가 나타났으며 위험군 집단에서는 효과가 없어, ADHD가 감정적 얼굴표정을 해독하는데 결함이 있을 가능성이 시사되었다. 

Effects of Different Emotional Priming Stimuli on the Processing of Ambiguous Facial Emotions in Adult ADHD Tendencies

The recent discovery of short, non-protein coding RNA molecules, such as microRNA molecules (miRNAs), that can control gene expression has unveiled a whole new layer of complexity in the regulation of cell function. Since 2001, there has been a surge of interest in understanding the regulatory role of the hundreds to thousands of miRNAs expressed in both plants and animals. Significant progress in this area requires the development of quantitative bioanalytical methods for the rapid, multiplexed detection of all miRNAs that are present in a particular cell or tissue sample. In this Minireview, we discuss some of the latest methods for high-throughput miRNA profiling and the unique technological challenges that must be surmounted in this endeavor.

Hye Jin Lee

Papers

Clinical Report of Baliao Electroacupuncture Treatment on a Stroke Patient Suffering from a Neurogenic Overactive Bladder

Predictors of Suicide Attempt among Middle School Students with Suicidal Ideation: Analysis of Data from the 15th (2019) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey

Determination of LEDs arrangement in a plant factory using a 3D ray-tracing simulation and evaluation on growth of Cucurbitaceae seedlings

Effects of Different Emotional Priming Stimuli on the Processing of Ambiguous Facial Emotions in Adult ADHD Tendencies

Multiplexed Detection Methods for Profiling MicroRNA Expression in Biological Samples