Phospholipids in rice: significance in grain quality and health benefits: a review.

https://zenodo.org/record/1258647/files/article.pdf

Chemical composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil

The genus Silene (family Caryophyllaceae) comprises more than 700 species, which are widely distributed in temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, but are also present in Africa and have been introduced in other continents. Silene produces a high diversity of secondary metabolites and many of them show interesting biological and pharmacological activities. More than 450 compounds have been isolated; important classes include phytoecdysteroids (which mimic insect molting hormones), triterpene saponins (with detergent properties), volatiles, other terpenoids and phenolics. This review focusses on the phytochemical diversity, distribution of Silene secondary metabolites and their biological activities.

Diversity of Secondary Metabolites in the Genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae)—Structures, Distribution, and Biological Properties

Glyco- and sphingophosphonolipids from the medusa Phyllorhiza punctata: NMR and ESI-MS/MS fingerprints.

The detailed sterol (free sterol proportions and compositions) and phospholipid (PL) compositions (relative proportions of PL classes and subclasses and their respective fatty acid (FA) compositions) of hemocyte membranes were investigated in two bivalve mollusks: the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Hemocyte membrane lipids of both species revealed similar general composition: i) their free sterol/PL ratio was above 0.4 and ii) their PL were predominated by the diacyl+alkyl forms of glycerophosphatidylcholine (PC), the plasmalogen form of glycerophosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP). Free sterols were predominated by cholesterol in both species. Plasmalogen forms of PE and glycerophosphatidylserine (PS) represented 82-83% and 46-55% of total PE and PS, respectively. When compared to their respective diacyl+alkyl forms, plasmalogen forms of PE and PS were specifically enriched in non-methylene-interrupted (NMI) FA and 20:1n-11, suggesting a functional significance of these PL molecular species in bivalve hemocytes. Lysoglycerophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) levels were found to be fairly high in hemocytes, accounting for about 8% of the PL. Some species-specific features were also found. LysoPC and glycerophosphatidylinositol (PI) FA compositions differed between Ruditapes philippinarum and Crassostrea gigas. CAEP proportion was higher in R. philippinarum than in C. gigas (14.5% and 27.9% of the PL, respectively). Hemolymph cell monolayer observations and flow-cytometric analyses revealed species-specific hemocyte morphology and sub-populations which could account for some of the observed species-specific membrane lipid compositions.

Membrane phospholipid composition of hemocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum.

The class and fatty-acid compositions of the total lipids and phospholipids and the types of triacylglycerols of rice bran oil have been studied. It has been shown that the main lipid class consists of the triacylglycerols; in them the 16∶0, 18∶1, and 18∶2 acids predominate. The main phospholipids are the PCs, PIs, and PEs. The predominating TAGs are the trisaturated and the monosaturated-diunsaturated types, which are present in equal amounts.

Lipids of rice bran

Three minor components have been isolated from the total PLs of kenaf seeds of variety Kuban'-333 by means of column and preparative thin-layer chromatography and they have been characterized by lysophosphatidylcholine and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine and its lyso analog.

N-acylated phospholipids and lysophospholipids of kenaf seeds

The total phospholipids of kenaf wastes have been characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. Kenaf wastes may serve as an additional source of raw material for obtaining the total phospholipids and a homogeneous PC.

Lipids of kenaf wastes

The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the lipid complex of the epigeal part ofSilene brahuica Boiss. (family Caryophyllaaceae) have been studied. The fatty acid composition of the acyl-containing lipids has been determined. Some differences have been found in the compositions of the fatty acids of the neutral lipids and the phospholipids.

Lipids of Silene brahuica

We have investigated the total phospholipids of the seeds of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), variety 1574, 1983 harvest, for the presence of phosphonolipids. On a twodimensional chromatogram of the total phospholipids Dittmer's reagent [7] revealed nine blue Spots. Of them six were known phospholipids: PC, lyso-PC, PI, PE, n-acyl-PE, and N-acyllyso-PE. Three compounds appeared in trace amounts. When the plates were heated at 100°C for 15 minutes, the spots of the phospholipids became brown and those of the minor components pale blue, which is characteristic for phosphonolipids. On one-dimensional chromatography in the methanol-water (2:1) system [8], the combined phospholipids of the kenaf seeds separated into two fractions: all the phospholipids remained at the start , and a weak spot extended in the form of a tail in the zone Rf 0.7-0.9 and in some cases even below, which is also characteristic for phosphonolipids. The total material was separated into phospholipids and phosphonolipids by preparative TLC. The IR spectrum of the phosphonolipid fraction, unlike that of the phospholipid fraction, contained an absorption band at 735 cm -I which is characteristic for the P-C bond. According to their IR spectra, the phosphonolipids of kenaf belong to Type A [9, i0]. The fatty acids of the combined phospholipids (freed preparatively from their phosphono analogs) and of the phosphonoplipids were isolated by cold saponification. The results of the GLC analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters are given below: Fatty acids Class of lipids 100 12.0 14:016.0 13:1 17:0 17:1 180 18:118:2 18::3 ~ ~U

I. Tolibaev

Papers

Lipids of rice bran

N-acylated phospholipids and lysophospholipids of kenaf seeds

Lipids of kenaf wastes

Lipids of Silene brahuica

Phosphonolipids of kenaf seeds