https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/150/3699/971.full.pdf

Pain mechanisms: a new theory.

Impulses and Physiological States in Theoretical Models of Nerve Membrane

Pain mechanisms: A new theory

Identification of a novel force-generating protein, kinesin, involved in microtubule-based motility

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(03)00111-9.pdf

The Molecular Motor Toolbox for Intracellular Transport

Radiotracer techniques were used to study the influxes and effluxes of various univalent cations in internally perfused squid giant axons. Membrane currents and conductances were determined by the voltage-clamp technique under analogous internal and external conditions. Both sodium-containing and sodium-free internal and external media were studied. Membrane impedance was measured with an ac impedance bridge to determine the general magnitude and time course of the impedance loss which accompanied the excitation process in both varieties of external media. Maximum transmembrane currents were found to be of comparable magnitude to the charge transfer associated with the peak interdiffusion flux measured under the same conditions. The product of the membrane resistance and the interdiffusion flux remained constant over a wide range of resistance and flux values, both at rest and during activity, both in sodium-containing and sodium-free media. The implications of these findings for excitation theory are discussed.

/pdf/cation-interdiffusion-in-squid-giant-axons-ik3isxmohl.pdf

Cation Interdiffusion in Squid Giant Axons

1. Electrical currents of varying configurations were applied to single nervefibers of the toad either through a micro-electrode placed directly on one of the nodes of the fiber or through a pair of large electrodes immersed in the poolsof Ringer on both sides of a bridge-insulator.2. It was shown that the time course of the local excitatory state produced at the node by a brief shock depends markedly upon the mode of application of the shock to the fiber. A brief shock applied at a point far from a node was found to produce, at the node, an excitatory state which attains maximum after a considerable delay. A shock applied directly to a node was shown to induce an excitatory state which grows and decays faster than that caused by a shock applied to the node indirectly.3. Considering that the action current led through the myelin sheath decays approximately exponentially with time constant of about 100 microseconds, propagation of the potential wave (electrotonic potential) was discussed. It was concluded that the local excitatory state is nothing but the potential difference across the surface membrane at the node of Ranvier, The importance of these results in the whole problem of electric excitation and impulse transmission in the tissues was emphasized.

Nature of the local excitatory state in the nerve fiber.

Evidence for Rotation of Dye Molecules in Membrane Macromolecules Associated with Nerve Excitation

1.

Versuche an isolierten einzelnen Nervenfasern zeigten, das ein genugend kurzer Stromstos (Momentanreiz) den Erregungszustand (das Schwellenabsinken) entwickelt, welch letzteres den in Abb. 6A dargestellten zeitlichen Ablauf besitzt.




2.

Die Resultate der Reizversuche mit zwei oder drei kurzen Stromstosen wurden dadurch erklart, das die Nervenerregung erst dann ausgelost wird, wenn die Summe des durch diese Stose entwickelten Schwellenabsinkens einen bestimmten Wert uberschreitet.




3.

Die Reizzeit-Spannungskurve wurde aus der Kurve des durch einen Momentanreiz hervorgerufenen Schwellenabsinkens berechnet. Die berechneten Werte stimmten innerhalb gewisser Grenzen gut mit den beobachteten uberein.




4.

Es wurde gezeigt, das es moglich ist, den zeitlichen Verlauf der Schwellenveranderung bei unterschwelliger Reizung mit beliebiger Spannung aus der Kurve des Schwellenabsinkens durch einen Momentanreiz zu berechnen.

Ichiji Tasaki

Papers

Cation Interdiffusion in Squid Giant Axons

Nature of the local excitatory state in the nerve fiber.

Evidence for Rotation of Dye Molecules in Membrane Macromolecules Associated with Nerve Excitation

Das Schwellenabsinken bei Reizung einer Nervenfaser mit kurzen Stromstößen

Mechanical changes in the amphibian spinal cord produced by afferent volleys of nerve impulses.