Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy resources, both conventional and renewable, which can potentially provide the country with a sufficient capacity to meet the ambitions of both urban and rural Nigerians of a full, nationwide electrification level. Yet, Nigeria has one of the lowest consumption rates of electricity per capita in Africa. With the demand superseding the generation, there is inequitable access of rural communities to the electricity service in the country. There are inherent obstacles militating against the effective implementation of an orderly energy policy in Nigeria. The inefficiencies overshadowing the allocation of energy resources coupled with the near depletion of fossil fuels, make it imperative for the country to exploit its huge natural renewable resources to avoid a worsening energy supply scenario and provide feasible electricity to rural dwellers. This paper presents a review of renewable energy potentials in Nigeria to be tapped for useful and uninterrupted electric energy supply. The extent of renewable energy resources is described and existing government policies are articulated. Various polices, that could possibly incentivize the realization of wider renewable energy applications in rural Nigeria, are proposed. The challenges and future prospects of renewable energy are also discussed. Dissemination of decentralized renewable energy resources will not only improve the wellbeing of rural Nigerian communities, but also enhance Nigeria's energy and economic prospects for potential global investment.

Renewable energy potentials in Nigeria: Meeting rural energy needs

Life cycle assessment of waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies for electricity generation using municipal solid waste in Nigeria

Solid waste generation and characterization in the University of Lagos for a sustainable waste management.

In this paper, the potential of municipal solid waste (MSW) for electricity production in twelve selected metropolises in Nigeria using Landfill Gas to Energy (LFGTE), Incineration (INC) and Anaerobic Digestion (AD) technologies is presented with the aim of evaluating the energy potential for each location as well as determining the economic viability of possible waste to energy project. Waste profile of each location was determined using population data obtained from National Population Commission (NPC) located in Ibadan and the per capita waste generation gathered from literature. The economic viability of the projects was determined using levelised cost of energy (LCOE) and Net Present Value (NPV) methods. Some of the key results revealed that Port Harcourt (M6), Abuja (M7), Benin (M5) and Ilorin (M8) are potentially feasible and economically viable for waste-to-energy project. However, Abakaliki (M4), Bauchi (M9) and Jalingo (M10) are less viable for such a project. INC and LFGTE technologies provide the best technological option for waste-to-energy project in term of quantity of electricity that can be generated in the cities located in the Northern part of Nigeria based on the kind of wastes that are being generated at the locations while AD present itself as the technology of choice in the cities located in the Southern region. However, from the point view of economic viability, AD is the best option in all the locations followed by LFGTE. INC technology present the highest LCOE and hence less economical for electricity generation in all the locations. This paper is useful to the investors, policy makers, scientist etc. as it could serve as a source of scientific information for decision making which could lead to optimal investment in waste-to-energy project in Nigeria.

Electricity generation from municipal solid waste in some selected cities of Nigeria: An assessment of feasibility, potential and technologies

Rural household fuel energy transition: Evidence from Giwa LGA Kaduna State, Nigeria

The acute and sublethal toxicity of an organophosphate pesticide (Chloropyrifos) on the juvenile of Tilapia guineensis was evaluated to determine its effect on the survival, body functions and heamatological values. The fish was exposed to varying levels of the toxicant (0.0125mg/l; 0.025mg/l; 0.05mg/l and 0.1mg/l) using 96hrs static bioassay to determine the median lethal concentration and median lethal time for the different concentrations. The mortality was found to increase with exposure and increase in concentration. The 96hrs median lethal concentration was 0.002mg/l while the 96hr median lethal time of 56.2hrs; 42.7hrs; 31.1 hrs and 18.2hrs were recorded for 0.0125mg/l; 0..025mg/l, 0.05mg/l and 0.1mg/l respectively. The operculum beat frequency (F = Cal 6.89 > P = 3.49) 0.05 and Tail beat frequency (F = Cal 4.46 > P (3.49) 0.05 were significantly affected by the exposure. A sublethal exposure to various concentrations (0.0006mg/l; 0.00125mg/l, 0.0025mg\\l, 0.005mg/l) were observed to cause a progressive reduction in the number of leucocyte (F - Cal 15.4 > P (3.01)0.05 and erythrocyte (F- Cal 14.39 > P(3.01)0.05 of the fish.The reduction in leucocye and erythrocyte number was significant indicating that the fish became anaemic.These conditions were more severe in the higher concentrations of the pesticide. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 8(2) 2004: 11-17

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Toxicity of an Organophosphate Pesticide (chloropyrifos) on a common Niger Delta Wetland Fish - Tilapia guineensis (Blecker 1862)

Rivers State is one of the major oil producing States in Nigeria. Its capital, Port Harcourt and sub-urban areas have witnessed an increased influx of migrants in recent time. Consequently, the consumption of goods and services has also increased leading to generation of unprecedented quantities of municipal solid waste. Previous efforts by relevant authorities to contain this increase in waste generation have proved abortive due largely to among other reasons, inappropriate and unsustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. The first step in a sustainable MSW management is to understand the types, composition and variation that exist in the waste generated in time and space. Previous reports have been concentrated on the characteristics of waste in Port Harcourt. This present work evaluated solid waste composition in three LGAs in Rivers State with a view of an integrated approach in MSW management in the State. Waste characteristics varied with the different locations studied. Generation rate was 0.45, 0.98 and 1.16 kg/capita/day for Emougha, Obio/Akpor and Port Harcourt, respectively. Most prominent categories were organic waste, paper and nylon. Mean percentage composition was 65, 65.5 and 59% for organic waste, 13, 11 and 6% for paper and 12, 16 and 14% for nylon in Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor and Emougha LGAs, respectively. It is believed that given the characteristics of these waste streams, a sustainable management strategy could have several benefits including resources recovery and energy generation. Key words : Municipal solid waste (MSW), characterization, Rivers State, integrated MSW management.

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Comparative analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in three local government areas in Rivers State, Nigeria

Some physico-chemical properties and the concentrations of the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in water and sediments were examined from September 2011 to January 2012 in Bodo Creek, where oil spills have been recurrent. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate were determined in surface water. Particle size, total organic matter (TOM), and pH were also determined in the sediments. The parameters were within permissible limits except the mean values of BOD, COD, total hardness, and sulfate that exceeded levels permissible for domestic use. The sediments consisted mainly of sand, with TOM ranging from 0.2% to 5.5%. With the exception of cadmium that was below detection limit, metal levels (mg kg−1) in the sediments were 12 (Mn), 1070 (Fe), 10 (Cu), 10 (Zn), 5.3 (Cr), 1.1 (Pb), 1.0 (Ni), and 0.5 (Co) while in water they were 24, 98, 21, 6.9, 4.0, 0.6, 0.18, and 0.16, respectively. The latter were higher than World Health Organization recommended permissible levels for both surface and drinking water.

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Assessment of physico-chemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Nigeria is an energy resource rich country, endowed with abundance of renewable energy (RE) resources, providing her with great capacity to develop an effective national energy plan. However, Nigeria is yet to exploit these huge available energy potentials with less environmental and climatic impacts. On the contrary, the National energy supply is at present almost entirely dependent on fossil fuels and firewood. These two are being depleted due to failure to harness other energy resources. Substantial progress has taken place in the use of the major rivers in Nigeria and their tributaries to provide hydropower for the country. The total technically exploitable hydropower potential based on the country’s river system is conservatively estimated to be about 10,000 MW of which only 19% is being tapped or developed. Currently, solar, wind, biomass, etc are in abundance all year round in Nigeria and largely untapped. For an energy source to be renewed, it means that its harvesting, conversion and use would occur in a sustainable manner and avoid any negative impacts on the people and natural environment. Renewable energy (RE) reality in Nigeria will be dependent on adequate government policy, financial and technical capability and public acceptance for their installation. Renewable energy (RE) resources abound in Nigeria but have not been fully exploited. This presentation examines the state of energy production and utilization; discusses the potentials for renewable energy and major obstacles militating against their developments. The paper also looked at the progress made by Government to remove formal bureaucratic bottlenecks in the sector and consequently attract private sectors to participate.

Renewable energy potentials in Nigeria

The concentration of trace metals: Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), magnesium (Mn), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) were determined in water, sediment and in the tissues of Sarontheron melanotheron, Tympanotonus fuscatus and Tilapia guineensis collected from Elechi creek in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. In sediments, the order of concentration was Cd=Ni<Mn<Pb<Zn while the order in water was Mn<Cd=Zn<Ni<Pd. The mean concentrations of the trace metals (mg/kg dry weight) in fin and shell fish samples ranged from 0.003–0.18 (Cd), <0.001 –2.3 (Pb), 0.004 -1.21 (Mn), 0.16-0.70 (Ni) and 0.09 –7.04 (Zn). Tympanotonus fuscatus recorded the lowest concentration of all the metals. The Pearson product moment correlation among the metals in water, fish and sediment samples showed that all metals positively correlated well (p<0.05). Fishes from Elechi creek were not heavily burdened with these trace metals, but aquatic environment should be monitored periodically to avoid excessive intake of trace metals by human. Keywords : Trace metals, Elechi creek, shell and fin fishes, Sediments

Ijeoma Favour Vincent-Akpu

Papers

Toxicity of an Organophosphate Pesticide (chloropyrifos) on a common Niger Delta Wetland Fish - Tilapia guineensis (Blecker 1862)

Comparative analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in three local government areas in Rivers State, Nigeria

Assessment of physico-chemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Renewable energy potentials in Nigeria

Trace Metals in Water, Fish and Sediments from Elechi Creek, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria