해외산업간호정보 - 미국 산업안전보건연구원(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) 소개

The biomechanics of slips are an important component in the prevention of fall-related injuries The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature on the biomechanics of gait relevant to slips This knowledge can be used to develop slip resistance testing methodologies and to determine critical differences in human behaviour between slips leading to recovery and those resulting in falls Ground reaction forces at the shoe-floor interface have been extensively studied and are probably the most critical biomechanical factor in slips The ratio of the shear to normal foot forces generated during gait, known as the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) during normal locomotion on dry surfaces or 'friction used/achievable' during slips, has been one biomechanical variable most closely associated with the measured frictional properties of the shoe/floor interface (usually the coefficient of friction or COF) Other biomechanical factors that also play an important role are the kinematics of the foot at heel contact and human responses to slipping perturbations, often evident in the moments generated at the lower extremity joints and postural adaptations In addition, it must be realized that the biomechanics are dependent upon the capabilities of the postural control system, the mental set of the individual, and the perception of the environment, particularly, the danger of slipping The focus of this paper is to review what is known regarding the kinematics and kinetics of walking on surfaces under a variety of environmental conditions Finally, we discuss future biomechanical research needs to help to improve walkway-friction measurements and safety

Biomechanics of slips

Environmental effects of reactive nitrogen (Nr) are a result of intense anthropogenic activities.1 Thy are evident in different parts of the world. Proper treatment is, inter alia, a scale issue. With individual countries in mostof Europe too small for comprehensive coverage of all effects, regulation of pollution in Europe co-emerged with political inegration in general. In this article, we describe the most important frameworks of international regulation in Europe. We als discuss the interaction of such institutional setting with the scientific initiatives at the samelevel, and finaly assess how scientific results have been fed with some success into strategies to mitigate pollution levels.

The future of world religions: population growth projections, 2010-2015

Friction has been widely used as a measure of slipperiness. However, controversies around friction measurements remain. The purposes of this paper are to summarise understanding about friction measurement related to slipperiness assessment of shoe and floor interface and to define test conditions based on biomechanical observations. In addition, friction mechanisms at shoe and floor interface on dry, liquid and solid contaminated, and on icy surfaces are discussed. It is concluded that static friction measurement, by the traditional use of a drag-type device, is only suitable for dry and clean surfaces, and dynamic and transition friction methods are needed to properly estimate the potential risk on contaminated surfaces. Furthermore, at least some of the conditions at the shoe/floor interface during actual slip accidents should be replicated as test conditions for friction measurements, such as sliding speed, contact pressure and normal force build-up rate. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E117215.

Measuring slipperiness - human locomotion and surface factors. chapter 6. the role of friction in the measurement of slipperiness, part 1: friction mechanisms and definition of test conditions

This paper seeks to address questions related to friction measurement such as how friction is related to human-centred assessment and actual slipping, and how repeatable friction measurements are. Commonly used devices for slipperiness measurement are surveyed and their characteristics compared with suggested test conditions from biomechanical observations summarized in Part 1. The issues of device validity, repeatability, reproducibility and usability are examined from the published literature. Friction assessment using the mechanical measurement devices described appears generally valid and reliable. However, the validity of most devices could be improved by bringing them within the range of human slipping conditions observed in biomechanical studies. Future studies should clearly describe the performance limitations of any device and its results and should consider whether the device conditions reflect these actual human slipping conditions. There is also a need for validation studies of more devices by walking experiments.

The role of friction in the measurement of slipperiness, Part 2: survey of friction measurement devices.

Surface roughness has been shown to have substantial effects on the slip resistance between shoe heels and floor surfaces under various types of walking environments. This paper summarizes comprehensive views of the current understanding on the roles of surface roughness on the shoe and floor surfaces in the measurement of slipperiness and discusses promising directions for future research. Various techniques and instruments for surface roughness measurements and related roughness parameters are reviewed in depth. It is suggested that a stylus-type profilometer and a laser scanning confocal microscope are the preferred instruments for surface roughness measurements in the field and laboratory, respectively. The need for developing enhanced methods for reliably characterizing the slip resistance properties is highlighted. This could be based on the principal understanding of the nature of shoe and floor interface and surface analysis techniques for characterizing both surfaces of shoe and floor. Therefore, surface roughness on both shoe and floor surfaces should be measured and combined to arrive at the final assessment of slipperiness. While controversies around the friction measurement for slipperiness assessment still remain, surface roughness measurement may provide an objective alternative to overcoming the limitations of friction measurements.

The role of surface roughness in the measurement of slipperiness.

Microscopic observations of the progressive wear on shoe surfaces that affect the slip resistance characteristics

Observation of the floor surface topography changes in pedestrian slip resistance measurements

Functional levels of floor surface roughness for the prevention of slips and falls: clean-and-dry and soapsuds-covered wet surfaces.

Slips, trips and falls are one of the most common causes of injuries and fatalities in the general community and industry. The control of such incidents involves a complex array of factors including the characteristics of each individual's footwear and gait dynamics, walking and working surfaces, and environmental conditions. Notwithstanding this complexity, slip resistance properties have been widely measured as a form of coefficient of friction (COF) index at the sliding interface between the shoes and floors. Since the COF measurements were commonly adopted to evaluate slip potentials, it has been found that there were controversies in the interpretation of COF measurement results. This study, therefore, was principally focused on broadening the knowledge base and developing new ideas on which improvements in the validity and reliability of slip resistance measurements might be made. To achieve this goal, crucial problems on the current concept of slip resistance measurement were extensively analysed by a tribological point of view where principle understanding of the shoe-floor friction and wear phenomena could be made. Based on this approach, new theoretical models were suggested.

In-Ju Kim

Papers

The role of surface roughness in the measurement of slipperiness.

Microscopic observations of the progressive wear on shoe surfaces that affect the slip resistance characteristics

Observation of the floor surface topography changes in pedestrian slip resistance measurements

Functional levels of floor surface roughness for the prevention of slips and falls: clean-and-dry and soapsuds-covered wet surfaces.

Research on slip resistance measurements--a new challenge.