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Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg

Replication data for: Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation

This paper investigates the link between social media and hate crime. We show that anti-refugee sentiment on Facebook predicts crimes against refugees in otherwise similar municipalities with higher social media usage. To establish causality, we exploit exogenous variation in the timing of major Facebook and internet outages. Consistent with a role for "echo chambers", we find that right-wing social media posts contain narrower and more loaded content than news reports. Our results suggest that social media can act as a propagation mechanism for violent crimes by enabling the spread of extreme viewpoints.

Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime

This paper examines the importance of language in international migration from multiple angles by studying the role of linguistic proximity, widely spoken languages, linguistic enclaves and language-based immigration policy requirements. To this aim we collect a unique dataset on immigration flows and stocks in 30 OECD destinations from all world countries over the period 1980-2010, and construct a set of linguistic proximity measures. Migration rates increase with linguistic proximity and with English at destination. Softer linguistic requirements for naturalization and larger linguistic communities at destination encourage more migrants to move. Linguistic proximity matters less when local linguistic network are larger.

https://www.princeton.edu/~adsera/Language&Migration_Adsera&Pytlikova_Jan2012.pdf

The role of language in shaping international migration.

Fluency in (or ease to quickly learn) the language of the destination country plays a key role in the transfer of human capital from the source country to another country and boosts the immigrant’s rate of success at the destination’s labor market. This suggests that the ability to learn and speak a foreign language might be an important factor in the migration decision. We use a novel dataset on immigration flows and stocks of foreigners in 30 OECD destination countries from 223 source countries for the years 1980–2009 and a wide range of linguistic indicators to study the role of language in shaping international migration. Specifically, we investigate how both linguistic distance and linguistic diversity, as a proxy for the “potential” ease to learn a new language and to adapt to a new context, affect migration. We find that migration rates increase with linguistic proximity and the result is robust to the inclusion of genetic distance as a proxy for cultural proximity and to the use of multiple measures of linguistic distance. Interestingly, linguistic proximity matters more for migrants moving into non-English speaking destinations than to English-speaking countries. The likely higher proficiency of the average migrant in English rather than in other languages may diminish the relevance of the linguistic proximity indicators to English speaking destinations. Finally, destinations that are linguistically more diverse and polarized attract fewer migrants than those with a single language; whereas more linguistic polarization at origin seems to act as a push factor.

ABSTRACT The Role of Language in Shaping International Migration

We study the impact of a student’s ordinal rank in a high school cohort on educational attainment several years later. To identify a causal effect, we compare multiple cohorts within the same school, exploiting idiosyncratic variation in cohort composition. We find that a student’s ordinal rank significantly affects educational outcomes later in life. Students with a higher rank are significantly more likely to finish high school and to attend college. Exploring potential channels, we find that students with a higher rank have higher expectations about their future career, as well as a higher perceived intelligence.

/pdf/a-big-fish-in-a-small-pond-ability-rank-and-human-capital-3iflwz6f28.pdf

A Big Fish in a Small Pond: Ability Rank and Human Capital Investment

Die linguistische Distanz zwischen Sprachen, d.h. die Unterschiede in der Aussprache, der grammatikalischen Struktur, dem Wortschatz etc., beeinflusst als ein bedeutender Faktor internationale okonomische Transaktionen wie den internationalen Handel oder internationale Migrationsstrome. Eine hohere linguistische Distanz bedeutet hohere Transaktionskosten und hohere Kosten in der Spracherlangung. Um eine Messung der Kosten von Sprachbarrieren zu ermoglichen, nutzen wir in dieser Studie eine neue Methode der Erfassung sprachlicher Unterschiede. Die sogenannte Levenshtein-Distanz ist ein einfacher und transparenter Ansatz der linguistischen Forschung, der es ermoglicht, linguistische Distanz im Rahmen okonometrischer Anwendungen zu instrumentalisieren. Die Vorteile dieses Ansatzes werden in zwei verschiedenen Anwendungen dargestellt. Zunachst zeigen wir den negativen Effekt einer ansteigenden linguistischen Distanz auf den Spracherwerb von Immigranten in Spanien, den USA und Deutschland. Die Ergebnisse sind konsistent uber die Mikrodatensatze der verschiedenen Gastlander. Zweitens zeigen wir in einem Gravitatsmodell bilateraler Handelsstrome die erheblichen negativen Auswirkungen sprachlicher Barrieren auf das Handelsvolumen in internationalen Handelsbeziehungen.

/pdf/the-costs-of-babylon-linguistic-distance-in-applied-49up6nw89c.pdf

The Costs of Babylon—Linguistic Distance in Applied Economics

There are various degrees of similarity between the languages of different immigrants and the language of their destination country. This linguistic distance is an obstacle to the acquisition of a language, which leads to large differences in the attainments of the language skills necessary for economic and social integration in the destination country. This study aims at quantifying the influence of linguistic distance on the language acquisition of immigrants in the US and in Germany. Drawing from comparative linguistics, we derive a measure of linguistic distance based on the automatic comparison of pronunciations. We compare this measure with three other linguistic and non-linguistic approaches in explaining self-reported measures of language skills. We show that there is a strong initial disadvantage from the linguistic origin for language acquisition, while the effect on the steepness of assimilation patterns is ambiguous in Germany and the US.

Linguistic Barriers in the Destination Language Acquisition of Immigrants

/pdf/linguistic-barriers-in-the-destination-language-acquisition-cigcilyaoy.pdf

Linguistic barriers in the destination language acquisition of immigrants

Linguistic distance, i.e. the dissimilarity between languages, is an important factor influencing international economic transactions such as migration or international trade flows by imposing hurdles for second language acquisition and increasing transaction costs. To measure these costs, we suggest using a new measure of linguistic distance. The Levenshtein distance is an easily computed and transparent approach of including linguistic distance into econometric applications. We show its merits in two different applications. First, the effect of linguistic distance in the language acquisition of immigrants is analyzed using data from the 2000 US Census, the German Socio‐Economic Panel, and the National Immigrant Survey of Spain. Across countries, linguistic distance is negatively correlated with reported language skills of immigrants. Second, applying a gravity model to data on international trade flows covering 178 countries and 52 years, it is shown that linguistic distance has a strong negative influence on bilateral trade volumes.

/pdf/the-costs-of-babylon-linguistic-distance-in-applied-3qfxk5ldax.pdf

Ingo E. Isphording

Papers

A Big Fish in a Small Pond: Ability Rank and Human Capital Investment

The Costs of Babylon—Linguistic Distance in Applied Economics

Linguistic Barriers in the Destination Language Acquisition of Immigrants

Linguistic barriers in the destination language acquisition of immigrants

The Costs of Babylon – Linguistic Distance in Applied Economics