Applications of spray-drying in microencapsulation of food ingredients: An overview

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Numerical Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow

Progress in developing spray-drying methods for the production of controlled morphology particles: From the nanometer to submicrometer size ranges

Artificial intelligence for the modeling and control of combustion processes: a review

Microencapsulation is a process of building a functional barrier between the core and wall material to avoid chemical and physical reactions and to maintain the biological, functional, and physicochemical properties of core materials. Microencapsulation of marine, vegetable, and essential oils has been conducted and commercialized by employing different methods including emulsification, spray-drying, coaxial electrospray system, freeze-drying, coacervation, in situ polymerization, melt-extrusion, supercritical fluid technology, and fluidized-bed-coating. Spray-drying and coacervation are the most commonly used techniques for the microencapsulation of oils. The choice of an appropriate microencapsulation technique and wall material depends upon the end use of the product and the processing conditions involved. Microencapsulation has the ability to enhance the oxidative stability, thermostability, shelf-life, and biological activity of oils. In addition, it can also be helpful in controlling the volatility and release properties of essential oils. Microencapsulated marine, vegetable, and essential oils have found broad applications in various fields. This review describes the recognized benefits and functional properties of various oils, microencapsulation techniques, and application of encapsulated oils in various food, pharmaceutical, and even textile products. Moreover, this review may provide information to researchers working in the field of food, pharmacy, agronomy, engineering, and nutrition who are interested in microencapsulation of oils.

Microencapsulation of Oils: A Comprehensive Review of Benefits, Techniques, and Applications

1 School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China 2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310018, China 3 Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland 4 Institute of Drying and Dewatering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 1038 Daguan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300222, China 5 Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China

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Mathematical Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy Science and Engineering

A CFD model of the two-phase countercurrent flow in the geometry of the plate-type structured packing Mellapak 250Y was built, tested and verified The model was applied to determine the effect of liquid and gas flow rates and physicochemical properties of the flowing liquids on the interfacial area formed on structured packing The CFD model allowed us to determine the minimum liquid flow rate at which an unbroken liquid film was observed on the packing surface The simulations confirmed that with an increase of the wetting rate the surface of the packing covered with a liquid film increased until the surface was totally covered up, while further slight changes of an interfacial area were the result of wave formation The effect of gas load (F factor) on the film surface was in the range of a calculation error Results of the CFD simulation allow us to predict the stages of film formation during liquid flow, to follow local velocity oscillations, film thickness and velocity profiles of phases

Liquid Flow on Structured Packing: CFD Simulation and Experimental Study

Advanced experimental analysis of drying kinetics in spray drying

The use of a numerical simulation to minimise the wall deposition rate in a spray dryer is demonstrated, with the numerical simulation solving the equation of continuity and the Navier-Stokes equations inside the dryer using the k-e model for turbulence. To validate the model, a solution of sodium chloride containing 20% by mass of the salt has been sprayed at the rate of 0.0012 kg/s from a two-fluid nozzle into a 0.935 m diameter, 1.69 m high cylinder-on-cone chamber. The simulation has predicted the wall deposition rate (measured as 0.000044 kg/s) within 16% at an inlet air temperature of 245°C when turbulence constants in the k-e model for recirculating flows as recommended by Abujelala and Lilley (1984) have been employed. This numerical simulation has been used to explore methods for decreasing the wall deposition rate, including simple modifications to the air inlet geometry (to eliminate swirl in the inlet air) and a reduction in the spray cone angle from 60 to 45°. Within the constraints imposed by the experimental equipment, we have suggested that the maximum spray cone angle (60°) and the maximum amount of swirl in the inlet air (62°) tend to minimise the wall deposition rate. The measured trends in the wall deposition rate caused by decreasing the amount of swirl in the inlet air (0.000093 kg/s measured, an increase) and the included angle of the spray cone (0.000099 kg/s measured, an increase) have been predicted by the simulation, which suggested deposition rates of 0.000053 kg/s for the no-swirl case and 0.000056 kg/s for the reduction in the spray cone angle respectively. We demonstrate the potential for using this type of numerical simulation to refine the operation of spray dryers

The Effects of Air Inlet Geometry and Spray Cone Angle on the Wall Deposition Rate in Spray Dryers

A unique experimental equipment for extensive trials on the spray drying kinetics and particles residence time involving “in situ” analysis of the properties of continuous and dispersed phases was designed, built, and tested. Advanced experimental techniques (including laser techniques) to determine current parameters of spray drying process (temperature, humidity, moisture content) and current structure of spray (particle size distribution, particle velocities, etc.) were employed. Full scale spray drying tests of baker's yeast and maltodextrin enabled identification of the effect of process parameters on drying kinetics and spray residence time in the tower. Quantitative relationship describing spray drying kinetics as a function of atomization ratio and drying agent temperature were determined. The experimental results proved that spray residence time was controlled by atomization ratio and airflow rate. Drying kinetics in spray drying process is presented for the first time in the literature.

Ireneusz Zbicinski

Papers

Mathematical Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy Science and Engineering

Liquid Flow on Structured Packing: CFD Simulation and Experimental Study

Advanced experimental analysis of drying kinetics in spray drying

The Effects of Air Inlet Geometry and Spray Cone Angle on the Wall Deposition Rate in Spray Dryers

Drying kinetics and particle residence time in spray drying