NOTE The report of the Committee without its annexes appears as Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 46. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The country names used in this document are, in most cases, those that were in use at the time the data were collected or the text prepared. In other cases, however, the names have been updated, where this was possible and appropriate, to reflect political changes. Scientific Annexes Annex A. Medical radiation exposures Annex B. Exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation INTROdUCTION 1. In the course of the research and development for and the application of atomic energy and nuclear technologies, a number of radiation accidents have occurred. Some of these accidents have resulted in significant health effects and occasionally in fatal outcomes. The application of technologies that make use of radiation is increasingly widespread around the world. Millions of people have occupations related to the use of radiation, and hundreds of millions of individuals benefit from these uses. Facilities using intense radiation sources for energy production and for purposes such as radiotherapy, sterilization of products, preservation of foodstuffs and gamma radiography require special care in the design and operation of equipment to avoid radiation injury to workers or to the public. Experience has shown that such technology is generally used safely, but on occasion controls have been circumvented and serious radiation accidents have ensued. 2. Reviews of radiation exposures from accidents have been presented in previous UNSCEAR reports. The last report containing an exclusive chapter on exposures from accidents was the UNSCEAR 1993 Report [U6]. 3. This annex is aimed at providing a sound basis for conclusions regarding the number of significant radiation accidents that have occurred, the corresponding levels of radiation exposures and numbers of deaths and injuries, and the general trends for various practices. Its conclusions are to be seen in the context of the Committee's overall evaluations of the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. 4. The Committee's evaluations of public, occupational and medical diagnostic exposures are mostly concerned with chronic exposures of …

sources and effects of ionizing radiation

Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation

Purpose To review and update the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia with imatinib and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including monitoring, response definition, and first- and second-line therapy. Methods

/pdf/chronic-myeloid-leukemia-an-update-of-concepts-and-3sx3foozcr.pdf

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: An Update of Concepts and Management Recommendations of European LeukemiaNet

Chronic myelocytic leukemia: clonal origin in a stem cell common to the granulocyte, erythrocyte, platelet and monocyte/macrophage.

The karyotypes of cells from 10 Burkitt lymphoma (BL) biopsies, eight cell lines established from BL and nine cell lines from non-BL sources were studied by chromosome banding techniques. With the exception of the BL-derived cell lines BJAB, GC-BJAB, Maku and U-8691 all biopsies and lines of Burkitt origin contained an extra band at the distal region of the long arm of one chromosome 14. An extra band on chromosome 14 was also found in cells of one non-BL biopsy, in cells from a lymphosarcoma-derived cell line and in a long-established cell line derived from the pleural exudate of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. A distal region at the long arm of one chromosome 8 was missing in all metaphase figures of good technical quality in the same material. The size, morphology and stain-ability of the missing region corresponded fairly well to the extra region at chromosome 14. We therefore suggest that the chromosome 14 marker represents a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 14,t (8q-; 14q+). The translocation was present neither in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of five Burkitt patients nor in five lymphoblastoid cell lines of non-BL origin. Trisomy 7 was found in two of the 10 BL biopsies, in two BL-derived cell lines, in one non-BL biopsy, in two lymphosarcoma-derived cell lines and in one cell line derived from a patient with Hodgkin's disease.

Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid‐cell lines from patients with burkitt and non‐burkitt lymphomas

Forty-two Ph1-positive cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) were examined with chromosomal banding techniques. Thirty-seven of these cases had the "standard" type of Ph1 translocation between chromosomes No. 9 and No. 22 [t(9;22)(q34;q11)] in the Ph1-positive marrow cells; 5 cases had unusual types of Ph1 translocation. Of the 37 cases, 21 had additional numerical and/or structural chromosomal changes, 2 had a missing Y chromosome, and 1 had an extra Ph1 in the Ph1-positive cells. In the 5 cases with unusual types of Ph1 translocation, chromosomes No. 2, No. 9 No. 10, and No. 13 were involved. The clinical picture in these 5 patients did not differ materially from that of the other Ph1-positive patients with CML, probably indicating that the recipient chromosome, with which the translocation from No. 22 takes place, does not play a crucial role in the course of the CML. In the 21 cases with abnormal karyotypes, nonrandom chromosomal changes were observed. Most of the changes were related to events occurring at the centromeric region. The prognosis of cases with only an extra No. 8 or Ph1 appears to be better than that for cases with an iso-17q [I(17a)] chromosome or other extra chromosomes. The presence of the Ph1 (delected No. 22) in every case points to the essentiality of this karyotypic findings in the diagnosis of CML and possibly in the genesis of the disease.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1097-0142%28197510%2936%3A4%3C1177%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820360402%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8

Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia XVI. Banding studies of chronic myelocytic leukemia, including five unusual Ph1 translocations

Chromosomes were studied in the bone marrow and/or blood cells from 38 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). The initial analysis with conventional Giemsa staining revealed that 16 of the 38 patients with AML studied had chromosomal abnormalities. The cells of these 38 patients (16 with abnormal karyotypes and 22 with normal karyotypes) were re-examined with Q- and G-banding techniques. Twenty-two patients with conventionally stained normal karyotypes did not show any abnormalities, even with banding techniques. Three cases had a common translocation between the long arm of No. 8 and No. 21, i.e., [t(8;21)(q22;q22)], the so-called prototypic karyotype. Two cases had a 45, XX,-21 karyotype; and three cases had trisomy of the long arm of chromosome No. 1. The banding patterns revealed that in two of the three latter cases, the presence of the trisomy of the long arm of No. 1 apparently occurred late in the disease. Therefore, it is possible that the trisomy of the long arm of No. 1 might bear a relationship to selective growth advantage of the leukemic cells in some cases with AML. The presence of extra No. 8 and No. 9 chromosomes and deletion of the long arm of No. 7, frequently reported in several leukemic disorders, were also found in the present cases, but with other chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomes No. 6,No. 15,No. 19,No. 20, and X were not involved in any structural and/or numerical changes. The present data suggest that some chromosomal changes are nonrandom in AML and that further chromosomal studies may lead to a division of AML patients into subgroups on the basis of their karyotypes.

Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVII. Banding studies in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML).

Chromosomes of 52 cases of mouse myeloid leukemia were examined. There were 5 myeloblastic leukemias, 22 granulocytic leukemias, 17 myelomonocytic leukemias, and 8 monocytic leukemias. Fifty cases were radiation induced and the other 2 were nonirradiated. Each case had leukemic cells with 1 to 10 marker chromosomes. Partially deleted No. 2 chromosomes appeared in 49 cases, including 2 nonirradiated cases. These deleted No. 2 chromosomes were varied in size, and they were classified into 7 types according to morphological features. There was no type-dependent difference in histological or cytological features among the 7 types. It was found that the chromosomal segment lying between Regions 2C and 2D was commonly missing from all of the deleted No. 2 chromosomes. In addition to such No. 2 chromosomes, an anomaly in chromosome 6 was observed in 16 cases, of which 12 cases were granulocytic leukemia. The abnormalities of chromosomes 3 and 9 were next most frequent, appearing in 14 cases each. Besides such structural anomalies, numerical changes involving the Y chromosome (33 cases), chromosome 6 (6 cases), and chromosome 15 (4 cases) were also found. Characteristics of the karyotypes of the mouse myeloid leukemia in comparison with other leukemias were noted. The significance of the specific segments of the chromosomes which were commonly missing or trisomic in the karyotypes of neoplasias in mice, rats and humans was discussed. It was suggested that the genesis of myeloid leukemia was greatly influenced by the genetic information on chromosome 2 in mice.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/43/1/367.full.pdf

Chromosomal Aberrations Observed in 52 Mouse Myeloid Leukemias

Cells from five cancer effusions (two ovarian carcinomas, two lung cancers, and one carcinoma of the breast) were analyzed by G-, C-, and Q-banding techniques. The following observations were made: 1) The origin of some marker chromosomes could be traced accurately by these banding techniques. 2) Several chromosomes, which appeared normal with conventional staining techniques, were found to be re-arranged ones and, hence, abnormal. 3) Chromosomes No. 1, No. 3 and No. 11 were the most frequently involved in aberrations, whereas No. 12, No. 13, No. 17-20, and No. 22 Were least frequently involved. Only in one case each was the X chromosome or the Y chromosome involved in aberrations. The Y chromosome was found to be missing in all cancer cells of one lung cancer. 4) Each effusion had characteristic markers, invariably present in each cell, whether the cells were near diploid, or polyploid. 5) No common markers were observed in the two ovarian carcinomas studied, whereas the two lung cancers had a few common markers.

Isamu Hayata

Papers

Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia XVI. Banding studies of chronic myelocytic leukemia, including five unusual Ph1 translocations

Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVII. Banding studies in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML).

Chromosomal Aberrations Observed in 52 Mouse Myeloid Leukemias

Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. X. Banding patterns in cancerous effusions.

A new translocation related to the philadelphia chromosome