The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

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Education at a Glance

This study meta-analyzed the relationships between locus of control (LOC) and a wide range of work outcomes. We categorized these outcomes according to three theoretical perspectives: LOC and well-being, LOC and motivation, and LOC and behavioral orientation. Hypotheses reflecting these three perspectives were proposed and tested. It was found that internal locus was positively associated with favorable work outcomes, such as positive task and social experiences, and greater job motivation. Our findings are discussed in relation to research on core self-evaluation and the Big Five personality traits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/job.416

Locus of control at work: a meta‐analysis

The authors addressed the specific role of and contradictory results previously obtained regarding ethnic versus host support networks in influencing directly and/or buffering the impact of perceived discrimination on the well-being of immigrants. A nationwide adult probability sample (N= 2,360) included Finnish repatriates and Russian and Estonian immigrants in Finland from Russia, Estonia, and other countries of the former Soviet Union. Perceived discrimination had a significant impact on psychological well-being. The results demonstrated the importance of distinguishing between available and activated social support. In the total sample, strong evidence was obtained for the direct and the buffering effect of host support networks on well-being. In addition, social support provided by ethnic networks abroad was generally beneficial for the psychological well-being of the immigrants. Under some conditions, ethnic support networks were also beneficial for psychological well-being.

Perceived Discrimination, Social Support Networks, and Psychological Well-being Among Three Immigrant Groups

Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM): New contributions with regard to the study of acculturation

Social support and locus of control as predictors of psychological well-being in Moroccan and Peruvian immigrant women in Spain

The research and debate on the idea of “community” is growing during last years. The social surveys show the declining of both social capital and sense of community in last decades (Putnam, 2000). At the same time, new ways of participation are arising, according with the process of individualization and the rise of “personal communities” (Wellman, 2001). In this context, we review two central concepts of community psychology: sense of community (Sarason, 1974) and empowerment (Rappaport, 1981). Although scientifi c literaturature usually analyses empowerment and sense of community as two separated concepts, this paper shows that both processes are intertwined. Finally, we defend the application of a social network analysis approach in the determination of communities.

http://www.apuntesdepsicologia.es/index.php/revista/article/download/50/52

Sentido de comunidad y potenciación comunitaria

La influencia que sobre la dep resion ejercen las circunstancias vitales estresantes y la suficien cia de apoyo social fu e ex aminada en un a muestra d e inmigrantes resid entes en Marbella. Se utilizaron como instrumen tos de medida el Cuestionario Mannhein de Apo yo Social, la Escala CES-D de depresion y la Escala de Pro blemas en distintas areas vitales de Die y Seelbach. El analisis de correlaciones bivariadas puso de manifiesto que los sujeto s con unas circun stancias v itales mas desfavo rables y los que percibian como in suficiente su sistema d e apo yo ob tenian may ores puntuacio nes en depresion. En el analisis d e reg resion lin eal resulto significativa la interaccion problemas x apo yo de tal forma qu e la suficiencia de apoy o actuaria amortiguando los sinto mas depresiv os so lo cuando se experimenta co mo graves un gran nu mero de problemas en distintas areas vitales. Se constata, por tanto , el efecto amortiguador d el apoyo social en un colectiv o de inmigrantes de diverso orig en etnico.

El efecto amortiguador del apoyo social sobre la depresión en un colectivo de inmigrantes

Se elabora una clasificacion de las redes de apoyo social de inmigrantes africanos en Andalucia. Para ello se empleo un analisis de conglomerados con varias variables: el tamano, la composicion, la disponibilidad, la utilizacion y la capacidad de la red de apoyo social. Con un grupo de 600 inmigrantes africanos, se obtuvieron cuatro categorias: pequenas redes de compatriotas amigos; redes insuficientes; redes de tamano medio compuestas por espanoles y compatriotas amigos; redes de tamano medio de familiares. La tipologia sirve para distinguir niveles de bienestar psicologico, tipos de utilizacion de servicios y otras caracteristicas sociales, demograficas y psicologicas.

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Una tipología analítica de las redes de apoyo social en inmigrantes africanos en andalucía

Elaboramos una tipologia de redes de apoyo en un colectivo de inmigrantes marroquies (n=81), filipinos (n=69) y senegaleses (n=23) residentes en Marbella, aplicando la entrevista Mannheim de apoyo social (MISS) (Veiel, 1990, 1993) Primero realizamos tres analisis de conglomerados exploratorios utilizando como variables-criterio indicadores de (1) composicion familiar y etnica, (2) funciones de apoyo, y (3) tamano y estructura de la red Los analisis de chi-cuadrado entre las tres clasificaciones revelaron la solucion de cinco clusters como la mas apropiada Para elaborar una tipologia global con cinco categorias, seleccionamos siete indicadores de la red de apoyo, tomando en consideracion para elegir cada variable: la diferenciacion entre clusters, la saturacion en una solucion factorial y la matriz de correlaciones Las variables-criterio seleccionadas fueron: disponibilidad de apoyo cotidiano psicologico, disponibilidad de apoyo instrumental en situaciones de crisis, numero de compatriotas en la red de apoyo, numero de espanoles en la red de apoyo, numero de familiares en la red de apoyo, numero de no-familiares en la red de apoyo, y multiplicidad media de los vinculos Los cinco clusters resultantes fueron (1) redes pequenas de amigos y familiares compatriotas, (2) redes etnicas con predominio de vinculos especializados, (3) redes sinergicas con predominio de amigos compatriotas, (4) redes etnicas de reagrupamiento familiar, y (5) redes de reagrupamiento familiar integradas en la comunidad receptora Los tres colectivos estudiados tienen un perfil claramente diferenciado en sus redes personales: el 60% de los marroquies se ubica en la categoria de redes mas pequenas, y el 60% de los senegaleses pertenece a grupos de compatriotas polivalentes Por ultimo, la tipologia distingue significativamente los niveles de bienestar psicologico y el grado de utilizacion de servicios sociales Los inmigrantes con redes pequenas obtienen las puntuaciones mas altas en la escala de depresion del Center for Epidemiological Studies (CES-D) (Radloff, 1977), mientras que las redes de reagrupamiento (etnicas o mixtas) se asocian significativamente a una mayor utilizacion de servicios sociales

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Isidro Maya Jariego

Papers

Social support and locus of control as predictors of psychological well-being in Moroccan and Peruvian immigrant women in Spain

Sentido de comunidad y potenciación comunitaria

El efecto amortiguador del apoyo social sobre la depresión en un colectivo de inmigrantes

Una tipología analítica de las redes de apoyo social en inmigrantes africanos en andalucía

Tipos de redes personales de los inmigrantes y adaptación psicológica