After years in the lab, interactive public displays are finding their way into public spaces, shop windows, and public institutions They are equipped with a multitude of sensors as well as (multi-) touch surfaces allowing not only the audience to be sensed, but also their effectiveness to be measured The lack of generally accepted design guidelines for public displays and the fact that there are many different objectives (eg, increasing attention, optimizing interaction times, finding the best interaction technique) make it a challenging task to pick the most suitable evaluation method Based on a literature survey and our own experiences, this paper provides an overview of study types, paradigms, and methods for evaluation both in the lab and in the real world Following a discussion of design challenges, we provide a set of guidelines for researchers and practitioners alike to be applied when evaluating public displays

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How to evaluate public displays

Large interactive displays are increasingly placed in public (or semipublic) locations, including museums, shops, various city settings, and offices. This article discusses the evolution of such displays by looking at their use and analyzing how they are changing the concept of human-computer interaction through new modalities. By surveying the literature on systems using these displays, relevant features were identified and used as classification dimensions. The analysis provided may inform the design and development of future installations. A discussion on research challenges concludes the article.

Interaction with Large Displays: A Survey

Most interactive public displays currently rely on flat screens This form factor impacts how users (1) notice the public display (2) develop motivation and (3) (socially) interact with the public display In this paper, we present Chained Displays, a combination of several screens to create different form factors for interactive public displays We also present a design space based on two complementary concepts, Focus and Nimbus, to describe and compare chained display configurations Finally, we performed a field study comparing three chained displays: Flat, Concave, and Hexagonal Results show that Flat triggers the strongest honeypot effect, Hexagonal causes low social learning, and Concave triggers the smallest amount of simultaneously interacting users among other findings

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Chained displays: configurations of public displays can be used to influence actor-, audience-, and passer-by behavior

Equipment and methods for the synchronization of stereoscopic projection displays are described. One projection system described includes at least one projector for projecting alternate left and right eye stereoscopic images for viewing with stereoscopic viewing eyewear, and further includes an image data storage and retrieval device capable of outputting an image data stream in a first image data format, a projector capable of producing displayed image frames for viewing and having at least one spatial light modulator and a signal processing unit capable of receiving the image data stream and converting the first format to a second image data format, wherein the second image data format is compatible with the at least one spatial light modulator, and a synchronizing device comprising a frame synchronizing signal detector, a time delay unit, and a synchronizing signal transmitter, wherein the frame synchronizing signal detector is capable of generating a synchronization signal for synchronizing the eyewear with the displayed image frames, the synchronizing signal transmitter is capable of transmitting the synchronization signal, and the time delay unit is capable of causing a time delay for transmission of the synchronizing signal based at least in part on either or both of the first image format and the second image data format.

Equipment and methods for the synchronization of stereoscopic projection displays

Fueled by falling display hardware costs and rising demand, digital signage and pervasive displays are becoming ever more ubiquitous. Such systems have traditionally been used for advertising and information dissemination, with digital signage commonplace in shopping malls, airports and public spaces. While advertising and broadcasting announcements remain important applications, developments in sensing and interaction technologies are enabling entirely new classes of display applications that tailor content to the situation and audience of the display. As a result, signage systems are beginning to transition from simple broadcast systems to rich platforms for communication and interaction. In this lecture, we provide an introduction to this emerging field for researchers and practitioners interested in creating state-of-the-art pervasive display systems. We begin by describing the history of pervasive display research, providing illustrations of key systems, from pioneering work on supporting collaboration to contemporary systems designed for personalized information delivery. We then consider what the near future might hold for display networks -- describing a series of compelling applications that are being postulated for future display networks. Creating such systems raises a wide range of challenges and requires designers to make a series of important trade-offs. We dedicate four chapters to key aspects of pervasive display design: audience engagement, display interaction, system software, and system evaluation. These chapters provide an overview of current thinking in each area. Finally, we present a series of case studies of display systems and our concluding remarks.

Pervasive Displays: Understanding the Future of Digital Signage

Non-planar screens, such as columns, have been a popular means for displaying information for a long time. In con-trast to traditional displays their digital counterparts are mainly flat and rectangular due to current technological constraints. However, we envision bendable displays to be available in the future, which will allow for creating new forms of displays with new properties. In this paper we ex-plore cylindrical displays as a possible form of such novel public displays. We present a prototype and report on a user study, comparing the influence of the display shape on user behavior and user experience between flat and cylindrical displays. The results indicate that people move more in the vicinity of cylindrical displays and that there is no longer a default position when it comes to interaction. As a result, such displays are especially suitable to keep people in motion and to support gesture-like interaction.

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Audience behavior around large interactive cylindrical screens

An apparatus for image data computation and for synchronous data output. An arrangement for producing and reproducing two partial light images which together can be perceived as a light image having a three-dimensional effect. A method of synchronous reproduction of time image sequences by at least two image reproduction devices. The apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention has a master-client structure. A graphics master unit and at least two graphics clients are connected together by way of a first message channel and by way thereof exchange first messages, such that computation and projection of the partial images is synchronized.

Arrangement and method for spatial visualization

Recent research has presented large public displays in novel non-flat shapes such as spheres, curved planes and cylinders, and looked at the influence of the form factor on user behavior. Yet, the basic shape cannot be considered in isolation when interpreting the behavior of passers-by around such displays. In this paper we investigate two further display factors, framedness and seamlessness, that have to be considered in conjunction with the form factor to understand user behavior in front of large non-flat displays. We present the findings from a field study with an interactive column display and take a closer look at how these factors influence actor and bystander behavior. Our results show that rectangular frames act as a sort of funnel for user position and can easily override effects of the non-flat shape on user position and interaction, even though the users didn't recall the presence of these frames.

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Squaring the circle: how framing influences user behavior around a seamless cylindrical display

In recent years, the advances in projection technology and the increasing rendering capacity of modern computers allowed the development of immersive digital domes. Digital dome systems are not limited to planetariums, but also find their way into science centers, theme parks, or multimedia events. However, most installations do not support 3D stereoscopic display, because of the difficulties the curved projection surface implies. In this paper, we present both the construction of a small 3D stereoscopic dome and a versatile multi-projector system that exploits the capabilities digital technology offers today. Our system performs automatic geometric and color projector calibration as well as soft-edge blending. Moreover, it implements real time media compositing, which allows enhancing dome viewing experiences and going beyond the simple playout of pre-rendered content by enabling user interaction.

Interactive 3D Stereoscopic Dome with Automatic Calibration

360°-Systeme (Surround-Vision-Systeme), in Form von Panoramen, Kuppeln oder auch ganzen Kugelprojektionen (360° × 360°), erfordern eine ganzlich andere Aufnahme- und Wiedergabetechnik. Wahrend bisherige Kameras immer nur einen mehr oder weniger grosen Ausschnitt aus der Welt aufnehmen, mussen 360°-Kamerasysteme die gesamte Umgebung in einem Bild oder Video erfassen. Fur die Wiedergabe ist ein Kuppeldisplay (eine Halbkugel, bis hin zur Vollkugel) am naheliegendsten, da es optimal die Rundumsicht ohne storende Kanten ausfullt. Hier sind Projektionssysteme die erste Wahl, da es bisher keine anderen Darstellungsmethoden

Ivo Haulsen

Papers

Audience behavior around large interactive cylindrical screens

Arrangement and method for spatial visualization

Squaring the circle: how framing influences user behavior around a seamless cylindrical display

Interactive 3D Stereoscopic Dome with Automatic Calibration

Kameras und Projektionssysteme für 360