B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends.

Determination of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in food by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review

Application of ultrasound technology in processing of ready-to-eat fresh food: A review.

The effects of washing with tap and ozone water, ultrasonic cleaning and boiling on 16 pesticide (ten fungicides and six insecticides) residue levels in raw strawberries were investigated at different processing times (1, 2 and 5 min). An analysis of these pesticides was conducted using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorous and electron capture detection (GC-NPD/ECD). The processing factor (PF) for each pesticide in each processing technique was determined. Washing with ozonated water was demonstrated to be more effective (reduction from 36.1 to 75.1 %) than washing with tap water (reduction from 19.8 to 68.1 %). Boiling decreased the residues of the most compounds, with reductions ranging from 42.8 to 92.9 %. Ultrasonic cleaning lowered residues for all analysed pesticides with removal of up to 91.2 %. The data indicated that ultrasonic cleaning and boiling were the most effective treatments for the reduction of 16 pesticide residues in raw strawberries, resulting in a lower health risk exposure. Calculated PFs for alpha-cypermethrin were used to perform an acute risk assessment of dietary exposure. To investigate the relationship between the levels of 16 pesticides in strawberry samples and their physicochemical properties, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

/pdf/removal-of-16-pesticide-residues-from-strawberries-by-xrfcclf6uh.pdf

Removal of 16 pesticide residues from strawberries by washing with tap and ozone water, ultrasonic cleaning and boiling

Pozostałości środków ochrony roślin w płodach rolnych (rok 2010)

The effect of food thermal processes on the residue concentration of systemic and non-systemic pesticides in apples

Raspberry is one of the oldest fruits, used for millennia in the nutritional and medicinal purposes. Cultivation of this fruit in Poland is quite common because of its complex flavor and pharmacological effectiveness. The objective of this study was to investigate the residue levels of 130 pesticides on raspberries from north-eastern Poland producers during seven years (2005–2011). A risk assessment of the pesticides in raspberries was conducted by calculating acceptable daily intakes (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD). Pesticide residues exceeding maximum residue levels (MRLs) were found in 29.3% of samples. Among the detected compounds, the most frequently detected pesticide was pyrimethanil (34.8%). Fenhexamid was the fungicide with the highest concentration (5.53 mg/kg). The ADIs ranged from 0.003% to 3.183% for adults and 0.008% to 9.739% for toddlers. The chronic dietary intakes of 18 pesticides for adults and toddlers didn’t overcome the toxicologically acceptable levels. The most critical case was procymidone with 180.9% of ARfD for toddlers and 83% of ARfD for adults. The results of this research show that raspberries are safe in long and short term nutrition of human beings.

/pdf/pesticide-residues-in-raspberries-and-their-risk-assessment-4tki4c0e17.pdf

Pesticide residues in raspberries and their risk assessment.

Summary This paper presents the results of pesticide residues research in fruit and vegetables from the north‐eastern Poland. During four‐ year testing (2008–2011), totally 813 samples in the 43 products were analysed. From searched 152 active substances covered by the research program 39 pesticides were detected, mainly fungicides – 77.7%. Pesticide residues were detected mostly among in fruit samples (65.6%), especially in apple samples (50.3%). 31.9% (259) samples contained pesticide residues below the maximum residue levels while 4.3% (35) of tested sample exceeding MRLs. The use of non‐approved pesticides were stated in 2.7% of tested samples.

Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables from north‐eastern Poland (2008–2011)Pozostałości środków ochrony roślin w owocach i warzywach z północno‐wschodniej Polski (2008–2011)

Summary This paper presents results of official control of pesticide residues conducted in the samples from the north‐eastern Poland. In total 117 samples were tested in the year 2012 (62.4% vegetables, 26.5% fruit and 11.1% cereals grain). Among 167 pesticides, 11 active substances were detected, mainly fungicides (91.9% of detection). Pesticide residues most often were detected in samples of fruit (32.3%), especially in strawberries (25.8%). 18.8% (22) samples contained pesticide residues below maximum residue levels (MRLs). MRLs exceedances were not found.

Izabela Hrynko

Papers

Pozostałości środków ochrony roślin w płodach rolnych (rok 2010)

The effect of food thermal processes on the residue concentration of systemic and non-systemic pesticides in apples

Pesticide residues in raspberries and their risk assessment.

Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables from north‐eastern Poland (2008–2011)Pozostałości środków ochrony roślin w owocach i warzywach z północno‐wschodniej Polski (2008–2011)

Official control of pesticide residues in crops from the north-eastern Poland in 2012