Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 1. General Characteristics.

Flow Injection Analysis

Measurement of Ca2+ concentrations in living cells

This article reviews the electrochemistry and electroanalytical applications of carbon paste-based electrodes, sensors, and detectors on the occasion of the half-of-century anniversary since the discovery of carbon paste. The review (with 333 references) has been prepared in the form of a retrospective compilation presenting the field by means of various facts, notes, data, surveys, and summaries, including numerous rarities or curiosities that illustrate the individual achievements and milestones. Carbon paste-based electrodes are discussed in their entirety by covering all important areas of the field, starting from basic characterization of carbon paste as the electrode material, via its typical physicochemical and electrochemical properties or specific features, up to a representative documentation of their applicability in electrochemical and electroanalytical measurements.

Carbon Paste Electrodes in Facts, Numbers, and Notes: A Review on the Occasion of the 50‐Years Jubilee of Carbon Paste in Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis

Potentiometric sensing, which requires the use of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and reference electrodes, is used to determine electrochemically the concentration of target ions in a variety of chemical environments. In view of the need for more affordable and portable analytical devices with small sample volumes, all-solid-state ISEs and reference electrodes, in which a solid contact is used as ion-to-electron transducer, are highly desirable. This review describes how all-solid-state ISEs and reference electrodes function and presents important aspects that should be considered when designing such sensors for specific applications. Approaches to improving reproducibility, the stability of the emf response, lowering detection limits, and novel sensor designs are discussed along with specific examples from the recent literature. Emphasis is placed on the ion-to-electron transduction mechanism and the development of new solid contact materials, with a particular view to miniaturized ion-sensing devices with low cost and calibration-free sensing.

J.Chr. Tjell

Papers

Selectrode—the universal ion-selective electrode

SelectrodeTM-the universal ion-selective electrode : Part III. Concept. Constructions and materials

The liquid-state electrode (A preliminary communication)

The liquid-state ion-sensitive electrode