[1] Seafloor bathymetric data acquired with modern swath echo sounders provide coverage for only a small fraction of the global seabed yet are of high value for studies of the dynamic processes of seafloor volcanism, tectonics, mass wasting, and sediment transport that create and shape the undersea landscape. A new method for compilation of global seafloor bathymetry that preserves the native resolution of swath sonars is presented. The Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis consists of a hierarchy of tiles with digital elevations and shaded relief imagery spanning nine magnification doublings from pole to pole (http://www.marine-geo.org/portals/gmrt). The compilation is updated and accessible as surveys are contributed, edited, and added to the tiles. Access to the bathymetry tiles is via Web services and with WMS-enabled client applications such as GeoMapApp®, Virtual Ocean, NASA World Wind®, and Google Earth®.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2008GC002332

Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis

We have created a digital age grid of the ocean floor with a grid node interval of 6 arc min using a self-consistent set of global isochrons and associated plate reconstruction poles. The age at each grid node was determined by linear interpolation between adjacent isochrons in the direction of spreading. Ages for ocean floor between the oldest identified magnetic anomalies and continental crust were interpolated by estimating the ages of passive continental margin segments from geological data and published plate models. We have constructed an age grid with error estimates for each grid cell as a function of (1) the error of ocean floor ages identified from magnetic anomalies along ship tracks and the age of the corresponding grid cells in our age grid, (2) the distance of a given grid cell to the nearest magnetic anomaly identification, and (3) the gradient of the age grid: i.e., larger errors are associated with high age gradients at fracture zones or other age discontinuities. Future applications of this digital grid include studies of the thermal and elastic structure of the lithosphere, the heat loss of the Earth, ridge-push forces through time, asymmetry of spreading, and providing constraints for seismic tomography and mantle convection models.

Digital isochrons of the world's ocean floor

General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) has released the GEBCO_2014 grid, a new digital bathymetric model of the world ocean floor merged with land topography from publicly available digital elevation models. GEBCO_2014 has a grid spacing of 30 arc seconds, and updates the 2010 release (GEBCO_08) by incorporating new versions of regional bathymetric compilations from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO), the Baltic Sea Bathymetry Database (BSBD), and data from the European Marine Observation and Data network (EMODnet) bathymetry portal, among other data sources. Approximately 33% of ocean grid cells (not area) have been updated in GEBCO_2014 from the previous version, including both new interpolated depth values and added soundings. These updates include large amounts of multibeam data collected using modern equipment and navigation techniques, improving portrayed details of the world ocean floor. Of all non-land grid cells in GEBCO_2014, approximately 18% are based on bathymetric control data, i.e., primarily multibeam and single beam soundings, or pre-prepared grids which may contain some interpolated values. The GEBCO_2014 grid has a mean and median depth of 3897 m and 3441 m, respectively. Hypsometric analysis reveals that 50% of the Earth's surface is comprised of seafloor located 3200 m below mean sea level, and that ~900 ship-years of surveying would be needed to obtain complete multibeam coverage of the world's oceans.

/pdf/a-new-digital-bathymetric-model-of-the-world-s-oceans-udw6vp0wrj.pdf

A new digital bathymetric model of the world's oceans

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has spread throughout the tropical world over the past 60 years and now affects over half the world's population. The geographical range of dengue is expected to further expand due to ongoing global phenomena including climate change and urbanization. We applied statistical mapping techniques to the most extensive database of case locations to date to predict global environmental suitability for the virus as of 2015. We then made use of climate, population and socioeconomic projections for the years 2020, 2050 and 2080 to project future changes in virus suitability and human population at risk. This study is the first to consider the spread of Aedes mosquito vectors to project dengue suitability. Our projections provide a key missing piece of evidence for the changing global threat of vector-borne disease and will help decision-makers worldwide to better prepare for and respond to future changes in dengue risk.

/pdf/the-current-and-future-global-distribution-and-population-at-4fs6bexv0j.pdf

The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue

Combined analyses of deep tow magnetic anomalies and International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 349 cores show that initial seafloor spreading started around 33 Ma in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS), but varied slightly by 1-2 Myr along the northern continent-ocean boundary (COB). A southward ridge jump of approximate to 20 km occurred around 23.6 Ma in the East Subbasin; this timing also slightly varied along the ridge and was coeval to the onset of seafloor spreading in the Southwest Subbasin, which propagated for about 400 km southwestward from approximate to 23.6 to approximate to 21.5 Ma. The terminal age of seafloor spreading is approximate to 15 Ma in the East Subbasin and approximate to 16 Ma in the Southwest Subbasin. The full spreading rate in the East Subbasin varied largely from approximate to 20 to approximate to 80 km/Myr, but mostly decreased with time except for the period between approximate to 26.0 Ma and the ridge jump (approximate to 23.6 Ma), within which the rate was the fastest at approximate to 70 km/Myr on average. The spreading rates are not correlated, in most cases, to magnetic anomaly amplitudes that reflect basement magnetization contrasts. Shipboard magnetic measurements reveal at least one magnetic reversal in the top 100 m of basaltic layers, in addition to large vertical intensity variations. These complexities are caused by late-stage lava flows that are magnetized in a different polarity from the primary basaltic layer emplaced during the main phase of crustal accretion. Deep tow magnetic modeling also reveals this smearing in basement magnetizations by incorporating a contamination coefficient of 0.5, which partly alleviates the problem of assuming a magnetic blocking model of constant thickness and uniform magnetization. The primary contribution to magnetic anomalies of the SCS is not in the top 100 m of the igneous basement.

/pdf/ages-and-magnetic-structures-of-the-south-china-sea-39im6dy9k6.pdf

Ages and magnetic structures of the South China Sea constrained by deep tow magnetic surveys and IODP Expedition 349

A new 30-arc second resolution global topography/bathymetry grid (SRTM30_PLUS) has been developed from a wide variety of data sources. Land and ice topography comes from the SRTM30 and ICESat topography, respectively. Ocean bathymetry is based on a new satellite-gravity model where the gravity-to-topography ratio is calibrated using 298 million edited soundings. The main contribution of this study is the compilation and editing of the raw soundings, which come from NOAA, individual scientists, SIO, NGA, JAMSTEC, IFREMER, GEBCO, and NAVOCEANO. The gridded bathymetry is available for ftp download in the same format as the 33 tiles of SRTM30 topography. There are 33 matching tiles of source identification number to convey the provenance of every grid cell. The raw sounding data, converted to a simple common format, are also available for ftp download.

/pdf/global-bathymetry-and-elevation-data-at-30-arc-seconds-16noujinax.pdf

Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS

A new classification scheme for robotic force control algorithms is presented. It is shown that algorithms can be categorized according to whether they are joint-based or cartesian-based. Further, they can be grouped according to whether the innermost servo loop is based on torque, velocity, or position. For useful force control, closing an inner loop on position can greatly increase disturbance rejection while also allowing for a split rate servo controller to minimize the computational burden. Experimental results from the implementation of a new force feedback method are presented. This cartesian-based method uses an inner loop closed on position and has been implemented on an AdeptOne robot. Bias force application, force searching, and selective compliance about a synthetic remote center compliance (RCC) have all been implemented. Excellent results in free space and in hard contact have been achieved. This technique has been successfully used to assemble parts having 0.001 inch clearances.

Experiments in force control of robotic manipulators

Porosity (void ratio) is a critical parameter in models of acoustic propagation, bearing strength and many other seafloor phenomena. However, like many seafloor phenomena, direct measurements are expensive and sparse. We show here how porosity everywhere at the seafloor can be estimated using a machine learning technique (specifically, Random Forests). Such techniques use sparsely acquired direct samples, and dense grids of other parameters to produce a statistically optimal estimate where direct measurements are lacking. Our porosity estimate is both qualitatively more consistent with geologic principles than the results produced by interpolation and quantitatively more accurate than results produced by interpolation or regression methods. We present here a seafloor porosity estimate on a 5 arc-minute, pixel registered grid, produced using widely available, densely sampled grids of other seafloor properties. These techniques represent the only practical means of estimating seafloor properties in inaccessible regions of the seafloor (e.g., the Arctic).

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2015GL065279

A global prediction of seafloor sediment porosity using machine learning

A new global bathymetry map at 15 arcsecond resolution for resolving seafloor fabric: SRTM15_PLUS

[1] Rough topography on the ocean floor is a source of ocean mixing which is of interest to both physical oceanography and climate science. Most mixing has been attributed to high slopes of the large-scale structures of the deep ocean floor such as seamounts, continental margins, and mid-ocean ridge axes. In this paper, we show the small-scale but ubiquitous abyssal hills and fracture zones dominate the global map of rough topography. Much of this rugged seafloor occurs in the Southern Ocean on the flanks of the Pacific-Antarctic Rise and Southwest Indian Ridge. We present our results as a global map of the mean slope of the ocean floor, and as a global map of the ocean floor above theM2 critical slope. We compare our results to multibeam and satellite bathymetry data to show that satellite bathymetry is not a valid proxy for multibeam measurements, but edited single-beam sonar data are adequate to provide a global perspective on features with horizontal wavelengths as small as 2 km.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2006JC003879

J. J. Becker

Papers

Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS

Experiments in force control of robotic manipulators

A global prediction of seafloor sediment porosity using machine learning

A new global bathymetry map at 15 arcsecond resolution for resolving seafloor fabric: SRTM15_PLUS

Global estimates of seafloor slope from single‐beam ship soundings