We review the current state of optical methods for sensing oxygen. These have become powerful alternatives to electrochemical detection and in the process of replacing the Clark electrode in many fields. The article (with 694 references) is divided into main sections on direct spectroscopic sensing of oxygen, on absorptiometric and luminescent probes, on polymeric matrices and supports, on additives and related materials, on spectroscopic schemes for read-out and imaging, and on sensing formats (such as waveguide sensing, sensor arrays, multiple sensors and nanosensors). We finally discuss future trends and applications and summarize the properties of the most often used indicator probes and polymers. The ESI† (with 385 references) gives a selection of specific applications of such sensors in medicine, biology, marine and geosciences, intracellular sensing, aerodynamics, industry and biotechnology, among others.

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Optical methods for sensing and imaging oxygen: materials, spectroscopies and applications

Chromophores in porous silicas and minerals: preparation and optical properties

This paper reviews fundamental and practical aspects of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry pertaining to applications in medicine, having particularly in mind new researchers and medical physicists interested in gaining familiarity with the field. A basic phenomenological model for OSL is presented and the key processes affecting the outcome of an OSL measurement are discussed. Practical aspects discussed include stimulation modalities (continuous-wave OSL, pulsed OSL and linear modulation OSL), basic experimental setup, available OSL readers, optical fiber systems and basic properties of available OSL dosimeters. Finally, results from the recent literature on applications of OSL in radiotherapy, radiodiagnostics and heavy charged particle dosimetry are discussed in light of the theoretical and practical framework presented in this review. Open questions and future challenges in OSL dosimetry are highlighted as a guide to the research needed to further advance the field.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/53/20/R01/pdf

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry in medicine

The quantitative determination of oxygen concentration is essential for a variety of applications ranging from life sciences to environmental sciences. Optical oxygen sensing allows non-invasive measurements with biological objects, parallel monitoring of multiple samples, and imaging. In general, ratiometric optical oxygen sensing is more desirable, due to its advantages of selectivity, insensitivity to ambient or scattered light, and elimination of instrumental fluctuation. Moreover, it can provide the perceived colour change, which would be useful not only for the ratiometric method of detection but also for rapid visual sensing. Mainly focusing on material design for ratiometric measurement, this review describes the overall progress made in the past ten years on ratiometric optical ground-state triplet oxygen sensing and offers a critical comparison of various methods reported in the literature. It also provides a development blueprint for ratiometric optical oxygen sensing.

Ratiometric optical oxygen sensing: a review in respect of material design

The possibility of combining the properties of organic and inorganic components in a unique composite material is an old challenge that dates to the beginning of the industrial era. Some of the earliest and most well-known organic–inorganic representatives are derived from the paint and polymer industries, where inorganic pigments or fillers are dispersed in organic components such as solvents, surfactants, and polymers to yield or improve optical and mechanical properties.

Design and Properties of Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites for Photonics

Lasing and fluorescence properties of ten dyes covering the spectral range from 400 nm to 800 nm were studied in a silica matrix prepared by the sol-gel technique. The dye-doped sol-gel silica samples fluoresced strongly under laser excitation. Many of the samples were also induced to superradiate. In comparison to dyes in alcohol solvents, significant red-shifting was observed in the sol-gel silica fluorescence spectra. Plausible causes of the red-shift are discussed.

Laser and fluorescence properties of dye-doped sol-gel silica from 400 nm to 800 nm

http://www.tau.ac.il/~chenr/Pubs/quartz.pdf

Modelling the thermal quenching mechanism in quartz based on time-resolved optically stimulated luminescence

https://blog.mcdaniel.edu/vasilispagonis/files/2012/08/RM4282cqpaper.pdf

A model for explaining the concentration quenching of thermoluminescence

Evaluated thermoluminescence trapping parameters–What do they really mean?

https://blog.mcdaniel.edu/vasilispagonis/files/2012/08/twostagecorrectedproofs.pdf

J.L. Lawless

Papers

Laser and fluorescence properties of dye-doped sol-gel silica from 400 nm to 800 nm

Modelling the thermal quenching mechanism in quartz based on time-resolved optically stimulated luminescence

A model for explaining the concentration quenching of thermoluminescence

Evaluated thermoluminescence trapping parameters–What do they really mean?

Two-stage thermal stimulation of thermoluminescence