A topical review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime. Results from numerical simulations are used to discuss the temporal and spectral characteristics of the supercontinuum, and to interpret the physics of the underlying spectral broadening processes. Particular attention is given to the case of supercontinuum generation seeded by femtosecond pulses in the anomalous group velocity dispersion regime of photonic crystal fiber, where the processes of soliton fission, stimulated Raman scattering, and dispersive wave generation are reviewed in detail. The corresponding intensity and phase stability properties of the supercontinuum spectra generated under different conditions are also discussed.

Supercontinuum generation, photonic crystal fiber

Midinfrared spectroscopy is a universal way to identify chemical and biological substances. Indeed, when interacting with a light beam, most molecules are responsible for absorption at specific wavelengths in the mid-IR spectrum, allowing to detect and quantify small traces of substances. On-chip broadband light sources in the mid-infrared are thus of significant interest for compact sensing devices. In that regard, supercontinuum generation offers a mean to efficiently perform coherent light conversion over an ultrawide spectral range, in a single and compact device. This work reports the experimental demonstration of on-chip two-octave supercontinuum generation in the mid-infrared wavelength, ranging from 3 to 13 μm (that is larger than 2500 cm-1) and covering almost the full transparency window of germanium. Such an ultrawide spectrum is achieved thanks to the unique features of Ge-rich graded SiGe waveguides, which allow second-order dispersion tailoring and low propagation losses over a wide wavelength range. The influence of the pump wavelength and power on the supercontinuum spectra has been studied. A good agreement between the numerical simulations and the experimental results is reported. Furthermore, a very high coherence is predicted in the entire spectrum. These results pave the way for wideband, coherent, and compact mid-infrared light sources by using a single device and compatible with large-scale fabrication processes.

On-Chip Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation from 3 to 13 μm Wavelength.

We demonstrate ultrabroadband supercontinuum generation from ultraviolet to mid-infrared wavelengths in single-crystalline aluminum nitride waveguides. Tunable dispersive waves are observed at the mid-infrared regime by precisely controlling the waveguide widths. In addition, ultraviolet light is generated through cascaded second-harmonic generation in the modal phase-matched waveguides. Numerical simulation indicates a high degree of coherence of the generated spectrum at around the telecom pump and two dispersive waves. Our results establish a reliable path for multiple octave supercontinuum comb generation in single-crystalline aluminum nitride to enable applications including precision frequency metrology and spectroscopy.

Ultraviolet to mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in single-crystalline aluminum nitride waveguides

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Aluminium nitride integrated photonics: a review

s of Contributed Papers (APS, College Park, MD, 2015). [30] Gabriel Ycas, Daniel Maser, and Daniel Hickstein, PyNLO: Nonlinear Opt. Modelling for Python, https://github.com/ PyNLO (2015). [31] Daniel Hickstein, Gabriel Ycas, Alex Lind, Daniel C. Cole, Katrik Srinivasan, Scott Diddams, and Scott Papp, Photonic-chip Waveguides for Supercontinuum Generation with Picojoule Pulses, in Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2016), pp. IM3A–2. [32] A. A. Amorim, M. V. Tognetti, P. Oliveira, J. L. Silva, L. M. Bernardo, F. X. Kärtner, and H. M. Crespo, Sub-two-cycle pulses by soliton self-compression in highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibers, Opt. Lett. 34, 3851 (2009). [33] Arman B. Fallahkhair, Kai S. Li, and Thomas E. Murphy, Vector finite difference modesolver for anisotropic dielectric waveguides, J. Lightwave Technol. 26, 1423 (2008). [34] David R. Carlson, Daniel D. Hickstein, Alex Lind, Stefan Droste, DaronWestly, Nima Nader, Ian Coddington, Nathan R. Newbury, Kartik Srinivasan, Scott A. Diddams, and Scott B. Papp, Self-referenced frequency combs using highefficiency silicon-nitride waveguides, Opt. Lett. 42, 2314 (2017). [35] Amy C. Turner, Christina Manolatou, Bradley S. Schmidt, Michal Lipson, Mark A. Foster, Jay E. Sharping, and Alexander L. Gaeta, Tailored anomalous group-velocity dispersion in silicon channel waveguides, Opt. Express 14, 4357 (2006). [36] John M. Dudley, Goëry Genty, and Stéphane Coen, Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber, Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135 (2006). [37] Nail Akhmediev and Magnus Karlsson, Cherenkov radiation emitted by solitons in optical fibers, Phys. Rev. A 51, 2602 (1995). [38] See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/ supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.014027 for additional numerical simulations showing spectral coverage at all common optical-clock wavelengths. [39] Feng-Lei Hong, Optical frequency standards for time and length applications, Meas. Sci. Technol. 28, 012002 (2017). [40] Long-Sheng Ma, Peter Jungner, Jun Ye, and John L. Hall, Delivering the same optical frequency at two places: Accurate cancellation of phase noise introduced by an optical fiber or other time-varying path, Opt. Lett. 19, 1777 (1994). [41] J. L. Hall, M. S. Taubman, S. A. Diddams, B. Tiemann, J. Ye, L.-S. Ma, D. J. Jones, and S. T. Cundiff, Stabilizing and Measuring Optical Frequencies, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy (World Scientific, Singapore, 1999). [42] Jörn Stenger, Harald Schnatz, Christian Tamm, and Harald R. Telle, Ultraprecise Measurement of Optical Frequency Ratios, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 073601 (2002). [43] T. G. Tiecke, K. P. Nayak, J. D. Thompson, T. Peyronel, N. P. de Leon, V. Vuletić, and M. D. Lukin, Efficient DAVID R. CARLSON et al. PHYS. REV. APPLIED 8, 014027 (2017)

Photonic-Chip Supercontinuum with Tailored Spectra for Counting Optical Frequencies | NIST

We report supercontinuum generation in nitrogen-rich (N-rich) silicon nitride waveguides fabricated through back-end complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible processes on a 300 mm platform. By pumping in the anomalous dispersion regime at a wavelength of 1200 nm, two-octave spanning spectra covering the visible and near-infrared ranges, including the O band, were obtained. Numerical calculations showed that the nonlinear index of N-rich silicon nitride is within the same order of magnitude as that of stoichiometric silicon nitride, despite the lower silicon content. N-rich silicon nitride then appears to be a promising candidate for nonlinear devices compatible with back-end CMOS processes.

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Broadband supercontinuum generation in nitrogen-rich silicon nitride waveguides using a 300 mm industrial platform

Erbium-doped yttria-stabilised zirconia thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition for photonic applications

A two-octave spanning supercontinuum generation in the O-band communication window on an integrated silicon nitride platform is reported. The nitrogen-rich silicon nitride waveguides were fabricated through low temperature processes on an industrial platform (<500°C). Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental results.

J. M Ramirez

Papers

Broadband supercontinuum generation in nitrogen-rich silicon nitride waveguides using a 300 mm industrial platform

Erbium-doped yttria-stabilised zirconia thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition for photonic applications

Broadband supercontinuum generation on an industrial platform