J. Paul Mitchell

TL;DR: The data show an exosome-mediated mechanism of skewing IL-2 responsiveness in favor of regulatory T cells and away from cytotoxic cells, which strongly implicates the role of exosomes in tumor immune evasion.

TL;DR: The data show that NKG2D is a likely physiological target for exosome-mediated immune evasion in cancer, and lymphocyte effector function was impaired by pretreatment with tumor exosomes, as these cells exhibited poor NKG 2D-dependent production of IFN-γ and poor NKg2D- dependent killing function.

TL;DR: Evaluating urinary-exosomes remains difficult, given the variability of exosomes in urine specimens, but this approach holds promise as a non-invasive source of multiple markers of malignancy that could provide clinically useful information.

TL;DR: The Integra CELLine culture system is used to achieve a significant increase in obtainable exosomes from adherent and non-adherent tumour cells, and should prove advantageous in future studies of exosome-immune modulation in cancer and other settings.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β signaling confers this potent HIV-1 restriction in MDLC during their differentiation and blocking of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2) signaling inMDLC restores cells' infectivity, which may explain why HIV- 1 acquisition is increased during coinfection with sexually transmitted infections.