W. Wilson's (1967) review of the area of subjective well-being (SWB) advanced several conclusions regarding those who report high levels of "happiness". A number of his conclusions have been overturned: youth and modest aspirations no longer are seen as prerequisites of SWB. E. Diener's (1984) review placed greater emphasis on theories that stressed psychological factors. In the current article, the authors review current evidence for Wilson's conclusions and discuss modern theories of SWB that stress dispositional influences, adaptation, goals, and coping strategies. The next steps in the evolution of the field are to comprehend the interaction of psychological factors with life circumstances in producing SWB, to understand the causal pathways leading to happiness, understand the processes underlying adaptation to events, and develop theories that explain why certain variables differentially influence the different components of SWV (life satisfaction, pleasant affect, and unpleasant affect).

Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress

Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The authors suggest a conceptual model to account for these findings, arguing that the happiness-success link exists not only because success makes people happy, but also because positive affect engenders success. Three classes of evidence--crosssectional, longitudinal, and experimental--are documented to test their model. Relevant studies are described and their effect sizes combined meta-analytically. The results reveal that happiness is associated with and precedes numerous successful outcomes, as well as behaviors paralleling success. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that positive affect--the hallmark of well-being--may be the cause of many of the desirable characteristics, resources, and successes correlated with happiness. Limitations, empirical issues, and important future research questions are discussed.

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The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success?

https://www.chpso.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/chest-2008-geerts-381s-453s.pdf

Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism* American College of Chest Physicians Evidence- Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)

Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism : The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy

This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symptoms and pain. Trait PA is also associated with increased longevity among older community-dwelling individuals. The literature on PA and surviving serious illness is inconsistent. Experimentally inducing intense bouts of activated state PA triggers short-term rises in physiological arousal and associated (potentially harmful) effects on immune, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function. However, arousing effects of state PA are not generally found in naturalistic ambulatory studies in which bouts of PA are typically less intense and often associated with health protective responses. A theoretical framework to guide further study is proposed.

/pdf/does-positive-affect-influence-health-1gyxddei87.pdf

Does Positive Affect Influence Health

https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(99)90252-6/pdf

Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury.

https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(99)90263-0/pdf

Employment after spinal cord injury: an analysis of cases from the Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems.

Purpose and background: Attention has recently begun to focus on the ageing of individuals with disability, not only as a longterm follow-up issue but as a unique developmental issue itself. The ma...

Depression and life satisfaction among people ageing with post-polio and spinal cord injury

An exploratory study of pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury: relationship to protective behaviors and risk factors.

The purpose of this study was to facilitate the proper use and interpretation of the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART) as a measure of community integration and social participation in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). CHART data on 1,998 cases in the SCI Model Systems database were analyzed. These cases provide the basis for norms by neurologic categories on a large sample. The relationship of CHART subscale scores with demographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity, occupation, year post injury, marital status, and education) and level and completeness of SCI are described. Maximum scores achieved for the subscales are presented by time post injury. Sample biases are demonstrated with substantial missing data in the Economic Self Sufficiency subscale. The CHART total score is shown to be a potentially misleading summary assessment of handicap, and use of subscale scores is recommended. The discussion addresses these issues and others relevant to characteristics and pra...

J. Stuart Krause

Papers

Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury.

Employment after spinal cord injury: an analysis of cases from the Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems.

Depression and life satisfaction among people ageing with post-polio and spinal cord injury

An exploratory study of pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury: relationship to protective behaviors and risk factors.

The Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART): Metric Properties and Scoring