We are on the verge of ubiquitously adopting Augmented Reality (AR) technologies to enhance our percep- tion and help us see, hear, and feel our environments in new and enriched ways. AR will support us in fields such as education, maintenance, design and reconnaissance, to name but a few. This paper describes the field of AR, including a brief definition and development history, the enabling technologies and their characteristics. It surveys the state of the art by reviewing some recent applications of AR technology as well as some known limitations regarding human factors in the use of AR systems that developers will need to overcome.

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A Survey of Augmented Reality Technologies, Applications and Limitations

Augmented reality applications in design and manufacturing

This survey summarizes almost 50 years of research and development in the field of Augmented Reality AR. From early research in the1960's until widespread availability by the 2010's there has been steady progress towards the goal of being able to seamlessly combine real and virtual worlds. We provide an overview of the common definitions of AR, and show how AR fits into taxonomies of other related technologies. A history of important milestones in Augmented Reality is followed by sections on the key enabling technologies of tracking, display and input devices. We also review design guidelines and provide some examples of successful AR applications. Finally, we conclude with a summary of directions for future work and a review of some of the areas that are currently being researched.

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A Survey of Augmented Reality

A review of smart home applications based on Internet of Things

Specifying parametric building object behavior (BOB) for a building information modeling system

A technology tree (TechTree) is a branching diagram that expresses relationships among product components, technologies, or functions of a technology in a specific technology area. A TechTree identifies strategic core technologies and is a useful tool to support decision making in a given market environment for organizations with specified capabilities. However, existing TechTrees generally overemphasize qualitative and expert-dependent knowledge rather than incorporating quantitative and objective information. In addition, the traditional process of developing a TechTree requires vast amounts of information, which costs considerably in terms of time, and cannot provide integrated information from a variety of technological perspectives simultaneously. To remedy these problems, this research presents a text mining approach based on Subject-Action-Object (SAO) structures; this approach develops a TechTree by extracting and analyzing SAO structures from patent documents. The extracted SAO structures are categorized by similarities, and are identified by the type of technological implications. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, we developed a TechTree regarding Proton Exchange Fuel Cell technology.

An SAO-based text mining approach to building a technology tree for technology planning

This paper suggests a method for Subject---Action---Object (SAO) network analysis of patents for technology trends identification by using the concept of function. The proposed method solves the shortcoming of the keyword-based approach to identification of technology trends, i.e., that it cannot represent how technologies are used or for what purpose. The concept of function provides information on how a technology is used and how it interacts with other technologies; the keyword-based approach does not provide such information. The proposed method uses an SAO model and represents "key concept" instead of "key word". We present a procedure that formulates an SAO network by using SAO models extracted from patent documents, and a method that applies actor network theory to analyze technology implications of the SAO network. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the SAO network this paper presents a case study of patents related to Polymer Electrolyte Membrane technology in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

SAO network analysis of patents for technology trends identification: a case study of polymer electrolyte membrane technology in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

A promising approach to parametric design is based on the knowledge-based technique. However, one of the major drawbacks in this approach is that the inference process is computationally expensive to be applied to the interactive and intelligent cad systems. This paper presents a new approach to geometric reasoning for knowledge-based parametric design using graph representation to improve the inference process. The geometric reasoning procedure consists of three steps: (1) representing a well-constrained design model and geometric rules into graphs; (2) selecting appropriate subgraphs from the design graph which may be used to induce new facts; and (3) selectively searching for the rule graphs having the same keys as the model subgraphs. The proposed approach is simple in concept, yet realizes significant inference time reduction. The concept presented here has been implemented on an IRIS Indigo workstation, and some implementation results are given to show the efficiency of the proposed approach.

Geometric reasoning for knowledge-based parametric design using graph representation

Feature-based modeling has been considered an indispensable tool for integrating design and manufacturing processes. In this paper, we propose a new approach to extracting machining features from a feature-based design model, based on an integrated geometric modeling system that supports both feature-based modeling and feature recognition. Feature recognition is achieved through an incremental feature converter. The incremental feature converter not only keeps the design model consistent, but also incrementally extracts machining features from design features as a design evolves. By combining the strength of feature-based design and feature recognition, the proposed approach can handle feature interactions and protrusion features effectively so that it deals with a large set of complex design models. Moreoever, the incremental nature makes it possible for the design process to be an ongoing negotiation between the design and the manufacturing planner at the initial design stage.

A feature-based approach to extracting machining features

A technology roadmap (TRM) links technologies with a company's strategic objectives and so supports acquisition of required technologies in advance of needs. It is a powerful tool for strategic planning and technology management. Because technology is changing rapidly and market competition is fierce, the role of a TRM is becoming increasingly important. To support the role of a TRM, many firms and governments that use roadmapping are becoming interested in reducing costs while retaining objectivity during TRM development. One suggestion to achieve these goals is to use the keyword-based quantitative approach to creating a TRM, but the information provided by the approach is limited because of the characteristics of keyword information. To solve this limitation, this research uses the concept of ‘function’ to support quantitative analysis for developing a TRM. The concept of function can provide information on the uses and purposes of a technology. To represent a function, a subject–action–object structure is commonly used. The suggested approach allows research and development (R&D) managers to extend the views of product and technology during development of a TRM. In addition, by reducing the time required to develop a TRM, the proposed approach supports quick and accurate decision-making by R&D managers.

Jae Yeol Lee

Papers

An SAO-based text mining approach to building a technology tree for technology planning

SAO network analysis of patents for technology trends identification: a case study of polymer electrolyte membrane technology in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Geometric reasoning for knowledge-based parametric design using graph representation

A feature-based approach to extracting machining features

An SAO‐based text‐mining approach for technology roadmapping using patent information