Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – A review

A variety of synthetic dyestuffs released by the textile industry pose a threat to environmental safety. Azo dyes account for the majority of all dyestuffs, produced because they are extensively used in the textile, paper, food, leather, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Existing effluent treatment procedures are unable to remove recalcitrant azo dyes completely from effluents because of their color fastness, stability and resistance to degradation. Bacterial decolorization and degradation of azo dyes under certain environmental conditions has gained momentum as a method of treatment, as these are inexpensive, eco-friendly and can be applied to wide range of such dyes. This review mainly focuses on the different mechanisms of decolorization and discusses the effect of various physicochemical parameters on the dye removal efficiency of different bacteria. The enzymatic mechanisms involved in the bacterial degradation of azo dyes, the identification of metabolites by using various analytical techniques, and the nature of their toxicity has been investigated. This review provides an overview of bacterial decolorization/degradation of azo dyes and emphasizes the application of these processes for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.

Bacterial decolorization and degradation of azo dyes: a review.

Bacterial Decolorization and Degradation of Azo Dyes

Role of nanomaterials in water treatment applications: a review.

Adsorption of dyes by nanomaterials: Recent developments and adsorption mechanisms

Biological removal of dyes from effluents of textile and dyestuff manufacturing industry offers some distinct advantages over the commonly used chemicals and physicochemical methods. These include possible mineralization of the dyes to harmless inorganic compounds like carbon dioxide and water, and formation of a lesser quantity of relatively harmless sludge. Removal of dyes from these wastewaters has been reviewed with respect to biological decolorization as well as complete biodegradation of the dye molecules. Emerging techniques with reference to biological treatment of these wastewaters have been discussed under aerobic, anaerobic, and combined anaerobic–aerobic systems. Advantages and limitations of different biological methods have been highlighted, and future studies to establish these techniques for their applications on industrial scale have been suggested.

Removal of Dyes from the Effluent of Textile and Dyestuff Manufacturing Industry: A Review of Emerging Techniques With Reference to Biological Treatment

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-93121-0.pdf

Strategic Implementation of Continuous Improvement Approach

This chapter deals with the design of the study, which includes different phases of research work. The details of the work done in each phase along with the tools, techniques, and models used have been explained.

Design of Study

Wheat is a crop of historical significance, as it marks the turning point of human civilization 10,000 years ago with its domestication. Due to the rapid increase in population, wheat production needs to be increased by 50% by 2050 and this growth will be mainly based on yield increases, as there is strong competition for scarce productive arable land from other sectors. This increasing demand can be further achieved using sustainable approaches including integrated disease pest management, adaption to warmer climates, less use of water resources and increased frequency of abiotic stress tolerances. Out of 200 diseases of wheat, 50 cause economic losses and are widely distributed. Each year, about 20% of wheat is lost due to diseases. Some major wheat diseases are rusts, smut, tan spot, spot blotch, fusarium head blight, common root rot, septoria blotch, powdery mildew, blast, and several viral, nematode, and bacterial diseases. These diseases badly impact the yield and cause mortality of the plants. This review focuses on important diseases of the wheat present in the United States, with comprehensive information of causal organism, economic damage, symptoms and host range, favorable conditions, and disease management strategies. Furthermore, major genetic and breeding efforts to control and manage these diseases are discussed. A detailed description of all the QTLs, genes reported and cloned for these diseases are provided in this review. This study will be of utmost importance to wheat breeding programs throughout the world to breed for resistance under changing environmental conditions.

Important wheat diseases in the US and their management in the 21st century

Soil test crop response correlation studies were carried out to establish target yield prescription equations for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) at Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab during 2019–2021. Fertilizer prescriptions under NPK alone and IPNS were developed for wheat crops using Ramamoorthy's “Inductive cum Targeted yield approach”. The amount of nutrients needed for producing 100 kg of wheat were 2.06, 0.78, and 1.95 kg/q of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. The nutrients contributed by soil and fertilizer were found to be 52.3% and 54% N, 11.7% and 50% P, and 20.2% and 20.6% K, respectively. Likewise, the organic material in the form of rice residue incorporation contributed 42.0% N, 15.3% P, and 26.0% K and increased the nutrient (N, P and K) uptake. The incorporated rice residue increased the soil organic carbon and microbial population substantially resulting in more mineralization thereby increasing nutrient availability. Therefore, the site-specific targeted yield-based approach used for developing fertilizer prescription equations gives a shred of strong evidence for maintaining soil health with higher crop yields and efficient nutrient management.

Jagdeep Singh

Papers

Removal of Dyes from the Effluent of Textile and Dyestuff Manufacturing Industry: A Review of Emerging Techniques With Reference to Biological Treatment

Strategic Implementation of Continuous Improvement Approach

Design of Study

Important wheat diseases in the US and their management in the 21st century

Fertilizer prescription for target yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in alluvial soils