This critical review is focused on examples reported from 1947 to 2010 related to the design of chromo-fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for explosives (141 references).

/pdf/optical-chemosensors-and-reagents-to-detect-explosives-50tyjzolpv.pdf

Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives

Metal-based reactive nanomaterials

Energetic salts offer many advantages over conventional energetic molecular compounds. The use of nitrogen containing anions and cations contributes to high heats of formations and high densities. Their low carbon and hydrogen content gives rise to a good oxygen balance. The decomposition of these compounds is predominantly through the generation of dinitrogen which makes them very promising candidates for highly energetic materials for industrial or military applications.

Energetic nitrogen-rich salts and ionic liquids.

The safe preparation and characterization (XRD, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, DSC, mass spectrometry, sensitivities) of a new explosive dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) that outperforms all other commonly used explosive materials is detailed. While much publicized high-performing explosives, such as octanitrocubane and CL-20, have been at the forefront of public awareness, this compound differs in that it is simple and cheap to prepare from commonly available chemicals. TKX-50 expands upon the newly exploited field of tetrazole oxide chemistry to produce a material that not only is easily prepared and exceedingly powerful, but also possesses the required thermal insensitivity, low toxicity, and safety of handling to replace the most commonly used military explosive, RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane). In addition, the crystal structures of the intermediates 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diol dihydrate, 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diol dimethanolate and dimethylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate were determined and presented.

/pdf/pushing-the-limits-of-energetic-materials-the-synthesis-and-xnctcawe8e.pdf

Pushing the limits of energetic materials – the synthesis and characterization of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate

http://chemistry-chemists.com/chemister/Warning/Explosives/ExplosiveAbstacts/review-energetic-materials.pdf

A review of energetic materials synthesis

High Energy Materials

Foreword. Preface. Abbreviations. Acknowledgements. Background. 1 Synthetic Routes to Aliphatic C-Nitro Functionality. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Aliphatic C-nitro compounds as explosives. 1.3 Direct nitration of alkanes. 1.4 Addition of nitric acid, nitrogen oxides and related compounds to unsaturated bonds. 1.5 Halide displacement. 1.6 Oxidation and nitration of C-N bonds. 1.7 Kaplan-Shechter reaction. 1.8 Nitration of compounds containing acidic hydrogen. 1.9 Oxidative dimerization. 1.10 Addition and condensation reactions. 1.11 Derivatives of polynitroaliphatic alcohols. 1.12 Miscellaneous. 1.13 Chemical stability of polynitroaliphatic compounds. 2 Energetic Compounds 1: Polynitropolycycloalkanes. 2.1 Caged structures as energetic materials. 2.2 Cyclopropanes and spirocyclopropanes. 2.3 Cyclobutanes and their derivatives. 2.4 Cubanes. 2.5 Homocubanes. 2.6 Prismanes. 2.7 Adamantanes. 2.8 Polynitrobicycloalkanes. 3 Synthetic Routes to Nitrate Esters. 3.1 Nitrate esters as explosives. 3.2 Nitration of the parent alcohol. 3.3 Nucleophilic displacement with nitrate anion. 3.4 Nitrate esters from the ring-opening of strained oxygen heterocycles. 3.5 Nitrodesilylation. 3.6 Additions to alkenes. 3.7 Deamination. 3.8 Miscellaneous methods. 3.9 Synthetic routes to some polyols and their nitrate ester derivatives. 3.10 Energetic nitrate esters. 4 Synthetic Routes to Aromatic C-Nitro Compounds. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Polynitroarylenes as explosives. 4.3 Nitration. 4.4 Nitrosation-oxidation. 4.5 Nitramine rearrangement. 4.6 Reaction of diazonium salts with nitrite anion. 4.7 Oxidation of arylamines, arylhydroxylamines and other derivatives. 4.8 Nucleophilic aromatic substitution. 4.9 The chemistry of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). 4.10 Conjugation and thermally insensitive explosives. References. 5 Synthetic Routes to N-Nitro Functionality. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Nitramines, nitramides and nitrimines as explosives. 5.3 Direct nitration of amines. 5.4 Nitration of chloramines. 5.5 N-Nitration of amides and related compounds. 5.6 Nitrolysis. 5.7 Nitrative cleavage of other nitrogen bonds. 5.8 Ring-opening nitration of strained nitrogen heterocycles. 5.9 Nitrosamine oxidation. 5.10 Hydrolysis of nitramides and nitroureas. 5.11 Dehydration of nitrate salts. 5.12 Other methods. 5.13 Primary nitramines as nucleophiles. 5.14 Aromatic nitramines. 5.15 The nitrolysis of hexamine. 6 Energetic Compounds 2: Nitramines and Their Derivatives. 6.1 Cyclopropanes. 6.2 Cyclobutanes. 6.3 Azetidines - 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ). 6.4 Cubane-based nitramines. 6.5 Diazocines. 6.6 Bicycles 271 6.7 Caged heterocycles - isowurtzitanes. 6.8 Heterocyclic nitramines derived from Mannich reactions. 6.9 Nitroureas. 6.10 Other energetic nitramines. 6.11 Energetic groups. 7 Energetic Compounds 3: N-Heterocycles. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 5-Membered rings - 1N - pyrroles. 7.3 5-Membered rings - 2N. 7.4 5-Membered rings - 3N. 7.5 5-Membered rings - 4N. 7.6 6-Membered rings - 1N - pyridines. 7.7 6-Membered rings - 2N. 7.8 6-Membered rings - 3N. 7.9 6-Membered rings - 4N. 7.10 Dibenzotetraazapentalenes. 8 Miscellaneous Explosive Compounds. 8.1 Organic azides. 8.2 Peroxides. 8.3 Diazophenols. 8.4 Nitrogen-rich compounds from guanidine and its derivatives. References. 9 Dinitrogen Pentoxide - An Eco-Friendly Nitrating Agent. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Nitrations with dinitrogen pentoxide. 9.3 The chemistry of dinitrogen pentoxide. 9.4 Preparation of dinitrogen pentoxide. 9.5 C-nitration. 9.6 N-nitration. 9.7 Nitrolysis. 9.8 O-nitration. 9.9 Ring cleavage nitration. 9.10 Selective O-nitration. 9.11 Synthesis of the high performance and eco-friendly oxidizer - ammonium dinitramide. References. Index.

Organic Chemistry of Explosives

Preface SALIENT FEATURES OF EXPLOSIVES Introduction Definition Classification Fundamental Features Additional Requirements for Military Explosives Applications of Explosives STATUS OF EXPLOSIVES Historical Aspects Status of Current and Future Explosives Future Scope for Research PROCESSING AND ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR EXPLOSIVES Processing Techniques for Explosives Formulation Fundamentals Assessment of Explosives PROPELLANTS Classification of Propellants Liquid Propellants Solid Propellants Hybrid Propellants Thixotropic Propellants Performance of Propellants Formulation of Gun Propellants Ingredients of Gun Propellants Ingredients of Solid Rocket Propellants Inhibition of Rocket Propoellants Insulation of Rocket Motors PYROTECHNICS Introduction General Features of Pyrotechnics Ingredients of Pyrotechnic Formulations Important Characteristics of Ingredients for Pyrotechnic Formulations Types of Pyrotechnic Formulations Performance Assessment of Pyrotechnic Formulations Life of Ammunition with Pyrotechnic Devices Nanomaterials: Various Aspects and Use in HEM Formulations Recent and Future Trends in Pyrotechnics EXPLOSIVE AND CHEMICAL SAFETY Safety Explosive Safety Fire Safety Safety Aspects for Transportation of Explosives and Ammunition Safety Aspects for Storage of Explosives and Ammunition Safety Aspects for Handling of Explosives and Ammunition Static Electricity Hazards Extremely Insensitive Detonating Substances and Ammunition Hazard and Risk Analysis Chemical Safety Prevention and Elimination of Explosions, Accidents and Fires

High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics

Recent trends in high-energy materials

Explosives with improved high temperature properties are usually referred to as ‘thermally stable explosives’ or heat-resistant explosives. They are safer, more reliable and more stable at elevated temperatures and find applications in modern Ordnance, Space and Nuclear applications. This paper discusses general approaches for the synthesis of thermally stable explosives, their properties and specific applications. This paper also gives a comparative account of the properties of some of the most thermally stable explosives reported so far. Based on their ease of synthesis, properties (mainly stability at elevated temperatures and insensitivity to impact, friction and percussion) and cost, TATB is considered as a benchmark, thermally stable explosive which is discussed in detail. Furthermore, this review also describes the synthesis and properties of BTDAONAB which does not melt below 550 °C and is considered a better thermally stable explosive than TATB. Finally, a new line of research in this field in the years to come is also highlighted.

http://www.wydawnictwa.ipo.waw.pl/cejem/vol-9-3-2012/Agrawal.pdf

Jai Prakash Agrawal

Papers

High Energy Materials

Organic Chemistry of Explosives

High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics

Recent trends in high-energy materials

Past, Present & Future of Thermally Stable Explosives