Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

An essential textbook for any student or researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sample programs or analyse the resulting data The text begins with a revision of estimation and hypothesis testing methods, covering both classical and Bayesian philosophies, before advancing to the analysis of linear and generalized linear models Topics covered include linear and logistic regression, simple and complex ANOVA models (for factorial, nested, block, split-plot and repeated measures and covariance designs), and log-linear models Multivariate techniques, including classification and ordination, are then introduced Special emphasis is placed on checking assumptions, exploratory data analysis and presentation of results The main analyses are illustrated with many examples from published papers and there is an extensive reference list to both the statistical and biological literature The book is supported by a website that provides all data sets, questions for each chapter and links to software

/pdf/experimental-design-and-data-analysis-for-biologists-8ybva8d53x.pdf

Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Trillions of microbes inhabit the human intestine, forming a complex ecological community that influences normal physiology and susceptibility to disease through its collective metabolic activities and host interactions. Understanding the factors that underlie changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota will aid in the design of therapies that target it. This goal is formidable. The gut microbiota is immensely diverse, varies between individuals and can fluctuate over time — especially during disease and early development. Viewing the microbiota from an ecological perspective could provide insight into how to promote health by targeting this microbial community in clinical treatments.

/pdf/diversity-stability-and-resilience-of-the-human-gut-2sktyw2s6e.pdf

Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota

The establishments of new organisms that arrive naturally or with anthropogenic assistance depend primarily on local conditions, including biotic interactions. We hypothesized that plants that rely on fungal symbionts are less likely to successfully colonize remote environments such as oceanic islands, and this can shape subsequent island ecology. We analyzed the mycorrhizal status of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos flora compared with the mainland Ecuador flora of origin. We experimentally determined plant responsiveness and plant–soil feedback of the island flora and assessed mycorrhizal density and soil aggregate stability of island sites. We found that a greater proportion of the native island flora species belongs to families that typically do not associate with mycorrhizal fungi than expected based upon the mainland flora of origin and the naturalized flora of the island. Native plants benefited significantly less from soil fungi and had weaker negative soil feedbacks than introduced species. This is consistent with the observation that field sites dominated by native plant species had lower arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal density and lower soil aggregate stability than invaded field sites at the island. We found support for a mycorrhizal filter to the initial colonization of the Galapagos.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/1/74/pdf

Symbionts as Filters of Plant Colonization of Islands: Tests of Expected Patterns and Environmental Consequences in the Galapagos.

Restoration practitioners have a variety of practices to choose from when designing a restoration, and different strategies may address different goals. Knowledge of how to best use multiple strategies could improve restoration outcomes. Here, we examine two commonly suggested strategies in a single tallgrass prairie restoration experiment: increased forb sowing density and prairie soil inoculation. We designed a study with two different forb seeding densities. Within these densities, we transplanted seedlings into 1‐m² plots that had been grown in either a whole prairie soil inoculum or sterilized prairie soil. After 4 years, we found positive effects of both high forb sowing density and inoculation treatments on the ratio of seeded to nonseeded plant cover in these plots, and negative effects of both treatments on nonseeded plant diversity. No effects of either treatment were seen on seeded plant diversity. Each strategy also affected the plant community in different ways: high forb sowing density increased seeded forb richness and decreased native nonseeded plant cover, while inoculation decreased non‐native cover, and tended to increase average successional stage of the community. These effects on restoration outcome were typically independent of each other, with the result that plots with both manipulations had the most positive effects on restoration outcomes. We thus advocate the combined use of these restoration strategies, and further studies which focus on both seeding and soil community manipulation in restoration.

Are two strategies better than one? Manipulation of seed density and soil community in an experimental prairie restoration

Biochar soil amendments in prairie restorations do not interfere with benefits from inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF - phylum Glomeromycota) form symbioses with most plant species worldwide and play critical roles in plant nutrient and water uptake, pathogen resistance and soil aggregation (Smith & Read, 2008; Delavaux et al., 2017; Brundrett & Tedersoo, 2018). Because AMF community composition influences ecological function (van der Heijden et al., 1998; Vogelsang et al., 2006; Koziol et al., 2018), understanding patterns of AMF composition is a research priority.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.17080

Utility of large subunit for environmental sequencing of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a new reference database and pipeline.

Often ignoring social studies of science scientific institutions continue to embrace the notion of objectivity and the possibility of producing unbiased knowledge about the world. In this chapter we explore our growing understanding of how research on the natural world is influenced and shaped by larger political and social issues. In particular exploring the role of development we use the case study of invasion biology to illustrate this point. Invasion biology has developed as a field concerned with the increasing presence of exotic and alien plants and animals. We suggest that the problems of development are central to the growing concern about alien plants and animals entering the United States. We argue that critiques of development and the discourse of post-development to which this anthology is a contribution must pay attention to the naturalized ideology of development in addition to the very material consequences of development in the Third World. Invasion biology is also a good case study of the tensions between the global and the local. The global movements of humans plants and animals as well as consumer products have profound consequences at the local level - of culture economies and labour as well as nature and its management. As development scholars have already shown hierarchies such as those based on gender race class nation or sexuality are imbricated in development narratives and ideology and central to the case of invasion biology as well. These intersections are crucial in any discussion of development. (excerpt)

James D. Bever

Papers

Symbionts as Filters of Plant Colonization of Islands: Tests of Expected Patterns and Environmental Consequences in the Galapagos.

Are two strategies better than one? Manipulation of seed density and soil community in an experimental prairie restoration

Biochar soil amendments in prairie restorations do not interfere with benefits from inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Utility of large subunit for environmental sequencing of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a new reference database and pipeline.

Global circulations. Nature culture and the possibility of sustainable development.