During the past 30 years, meta-analysis has been an indispensable tool for revealing the hidden meaning of our research literatures. The four articles in this special section on meta-analysis illus...

Meta-Analysis: A Constantly Evolving Research Integration Tool

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give a state‐of‐the art overview of the Job Demands‐Resources (JD‐R) modelDesign/methodology/approach – The strengths and weaknesses of the demand‐control model and the effort‐reward imbalance model regarding their predictive value for employee well being are discussed. The paper then introduces the more flexible JD‐R model and discusses its basic premises.Findings – The paper provides an overview of the studies that have been conducted with the JD‐R model. It discusses evidence for each of the model's main propositions. The JD‐R model can be used as a tool for human resource management. A two‐stage approach can highlight the strengths and weaknesses of individuals, work groups, departments, and organizations at large.Originality/value – This paper challenges existing stress models, and focuses on both negative and positive indicators of employee well being. In addition, it outlines how the JD‐R model can be applied to a wide range of occupations, and be used to i...

The job demands-resources model : state of the art

Purpose – Employee engagement has become a hot topic in recent years among consulting firms and in the popular business press. However, employee engagement has rarely been studied in the academic literature and relatively little is known about its antecedents and consequences. The purpose of this study was to test a model of the antecedents and consequences of job and organization engagements based on social exchange theory.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was completed by 102 employees working in a variety of jobs and organizations. The average age was 34 and 60 percent were female. Participants had been in their current job for an average of four years, in their organization an average of five years, and had on average 12 years of work experience. The survey included measures of job and organization engagement as well as the antecedents and consequences of engagement.Findings – Results indicate that there is a meaningful difference between job and organization engagements and that perceived organi...

Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement

This meta-analysis investigated the relationships between person‐job (PJ), person‐organization (PO), person‐group, and person‐supervisor fit with preentry (applicant attraction, job acceptance, intent to hire, job offer) and postentry individual-level criteria (attitudes, performance, withdrawal behaviors, strain, tenure). A search of published articles, conference presentations, dissertations, and working papers yielded 172 usable studies with 836 effect sizes. Nearly all of the credibility intervals did not include 0, indicating the broad generalizability of the relationships across situations. Various ways in which fit was conceptualized and measured, as well as issues of study design, were examined as moderators to these relationships in studies of PJ and PO fit. Interrelationships between the various types of fit are also meta-analyzed. 25 studies using polynomial regression as an analytic technique are reviewed separately, because of their unique approach to assessing fit. Broad themes emerging from the results are discussed to generate the implications for future research on fit.

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Consequences of individuals' fit at work: a meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit

Modern multinational organizations have found that testing or surveying their employees is difficult when the employees come from a variety of language backgrounds. In such situations, surveys and tests are often adapted for use across multiple languages. However, different language versions of an instrument are not necessarily equivalent, which may lead to misleading interpretations. In this study, we used weighted multidimensional scaling (MDS), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and ordinal logistic regression (LR) to evaluate the structural equivalence and differential item functioning (DIF) of an employee attitude survey from a large international corporation. Specifically, we evaluated the functioning of the survey items across 3 different languages, 8 different cultures, and 2 mediums of administration (paper-based and Web-based). MDS was used to evaluate structural equivalence, and ANCOVA and LR were used to evaluate DIF across selected employee groups and the 2 administration formats. The results i...

Evaluating the Equivalence of an Employee Attitude Survey Across Languages, Cultures, and Administration Formats

There is a growing literature suggesting important associations between the perceived work situation, individual health, and organizational outcomes. Less research has investigated employee experiences in the moment, which might help explain why the broader outcomes emerge. We examined momentary affect and cortisol from a within-day and between-day perspective, comparing working time to nonworking time for employees in engaging and disengaging workplaces. Findings indicate significantly lower momentary happiness and interest and higher stress and sadness are associated with work, and, in particular, with disengaging work environments. The connections between momentary affect and cortisol confirmed prior research, but cortisol was higher during non-work weekday moments. Employees with engaging work conditions had lower cortisol during weekday (working) mornings in comparison to employees with disengaging work conditions. There was no difference on Saturdays. These results provide evidence that work, and especially the work situation, is associated with affective and physiological momentary states.

Engaging and disengaging work conditions, momentary experiences and cortisol response

Using a database of 171 studies across 62,965 organizational units with job attitude data and business performance outcomes ranging from 1994 to 2015, we tested the hypothesis that positive employe...

Increased Business Value for Positive Job Attitudes during Economic Recessions: A Meta-Analysis and SEM Analysis

Discussions of how to establish peaceful societies occasionally arouse skepticism and controversy. 
Leaders and international scholars do not usually debate whether peace is desirable but rather how 
to achieve it in their societies. A comprehensive treatment of the concomitants of peace is beyond 
the scope of this chapter. However, we argue that one important element of a peaceful society is that 
its citizens are happy and satisfied with their lives.

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The Social and Economic Context of Peace and Happiness

Administrative burdens may have substantial direct and indirect costs for employers and employees, making them important research topics. Here, we examine the time employees spend dealing with thei...

James K. Harter

Papers

Evaluating the Equivalence of an Employee Attitude Survey Across Languages, Cultures, and Administration Formats

Engaging and disengaging work conditions, momentary experiences and cortisol response

Increased Business Value for Positive Job Attitudes during Economic Recessions: A Meta-Analysis and SEM Analysis

The Social and Economic Context of Peace and Happiness

Magnitude and Effects of “Sludge” in Benefits Administration: How Health Insurance Hassles Burden Workers and Cost Employers