Janetta Lun

TL;DR: Experiments examined whether intergroup attitudes shape the speed with which Blacks are thought to be moving and showed that this slowing bias occurs, at least in part, because of the perceived duration of time each image was moving.

Abstract: Two studies examined regional differences in self‐ and other‐presentational styles in the Southern and Northern regions of the USA. A content analysis of 400 personal ads from Northern and Southern newspapers revealed that Northern ads contained more descriptions of the self and desired partner that are context‐free and under personal control, whereas Southern ads depicted more contextualized and less controllable aspects of self and partner (study 1). Moreover, self‐identified Northern and Southern Americans were shown to prefer ads in the style of their region over other ads (study 2). We conclude that not only do regional differences in self‐ and other‐presentations exist in the USA but that these differences are also reinforced by others who share the regional culture. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Forming the “right” impression can have lasting effects on social relationship development (Sunnafrank & Ramirez, 2004). In the initial stage of a relationship, people not only try to present themselves positively but they also want the important aspects of their self‐concepts to be known and accepted (Reis & Shaver, 1988). Some people present themselves as a certain type of person (e.g., fun‐loving, extrovert), whereas others may focus on what they enjoy doing. These self‐presentational styles may correspond to culturally dominant models of the self because people construct their social image based on their self‐concepts (Leary & Kowalski, 1990). Parallel cultural differences in presentational styles may also be found in how people describe their expectations of a relationship partner, which suggests a general presentational style that is not limited to the self. Moreover, these culturally specific self‐ and other‐ presentational styles may be reinforced by the approval of others living in the same cultural context (Markus & Hamedani, 2007; Shweder, 1995). These considerations constitute the two main questions of the present research as follows: (i) do self‐ and other‐presentational styles vary across cultural contexts; and (ii) do people like others who present themselves in a fashion that is consistent with their cultural mode of being more than those who do not do so? Different cultural models of the self have been established in culturally comparative research. For example, Japanese people are more likely to see themselves in relation to others and their self‐concepts are thought to be more interdependent than North Americans. By contrast, North American self‐ concepts are thought to be more independent because of the cultural emphasis on seeing oneself as an autonomous and

TL;DR: For example, the authors show that groups that face a high degree of threat develop stronger norms for organizing social interaction, with a higher degree of norm-adherence and higher punishment for deviance.

TL;DR: Individualism and collectivism (IC) are cultural constructs that illustrate the extent to which individuals are autonomous or embedded in their groups as discussed by the authors, and have been used to explain a wide range of cultural differences observed in human psychology and behavior.