Past, present and future of mobile payments research: A literature review

Location sharing and tracking using mobile phones or other wireless devices

Nowadays, numerous journals and conferences have published articles related to context-aware systems, indicating many researchers' interest. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to review the works that were published in journals, suggest a new classification framework of context-aware systems, and explore each feature of classification framework. This paper is based on a literature review of context-aware systems from 2000 to 2007 using a keyword index and article title search. The classification framework is developed based on the architecture of context-aware systems, which consists of the following five layers: concept and research layer, network layer, middleware layer, application layer and user infrastructure layer. The articles are categorized based on the classification framework. This paper allows researchers to extract several lessons learned that are important for the implementation of context-aware systems.

Context-aware systems

Many emerging smartphone applications require position information to provide location-based or context-aware services. In these applications, GPS is often preferred over its alternatives such as GSM/WiFi based positioning systems because it is known to be more accurate. However, GPS is extremely power hungry. Hence a common approach is to periodically duty-cycle GPS. However, GPS duty-cycling trades-off positioning accuracy for lower energy. A key requirement for such applications, then, is a positioning system that provides accurate position information while spending minimal energy.In this paper, we present RAPS, rate-adaptive positioning system for smartphone applications. It is based on the observation that GPS is generally less accurate in urban areas, so it suffices to turn on GPS only as often as necessary to achieve this accuracy. RAPS uses a collection of techniques to cleverly determine when to turn on GPS. It uses the location-time history of the user to estimate user velocity and adaptively turn on GPS only if the estimated uncertainty in position exceeds the accuracy threshold. It also efficiently estimates user movement using a duty-cycled accelerometer, and utilizes Bluetooth communication to reduce position uncertainty among neighboring devices. Finally, it employs celltower-RSS blacklisting to detect GPS unavailability (e.g., indoors) and avoid turning on GPS in these cases. We evaluate RAPS through real-world experiments using a prototype implementation on a modern smartphone and show that it can increase phone lifetimes by more than a factor of 3.8 over an approach where GPS is always on.

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Energy-efficient rate-adaptive GPS-based positioning for smartphones

Indoor environments present opportunities for a rich set of location-aware applications such as navigation tools for humans and robots, interactive virtual games, resource discovery, asset tracking, location-aware sensor networking etc Typical indoor applications require better accuracy than what current outdoor location systems provide Outdoor location technologies such as GPS have poor indoor performance because of the harsh nature of indoor environments Further, typical indoor applications require different types of location information such as physical space, position and orientation 
This dissertation describes the design and implementation of the Cricket indoor location system that provides accurate location in the form of user space, position and orientation to mobile and sensor network applications 
Cricket consists of location beacons that are attached to the ceiling of a building, and receivers, called listeners, attached to devices that need location Each beacon periodically transmits its location information in an RF message At the same time, the beacon also transmits an ultrasonic pulse The listeners listen to beacon transmissions and measure distances to nearby beacons, and use these distances to compute their own locations This active-beacon passive-listener architecture is scalable with respect to the number of users, and enables applications that preserve user privacy 
This dissertation describes how Cricket achieves accurate distance measurements between beacons and listeners Once the beacons are deployed, the MAT and AFL algorithms, described in this dissertation, use measurements taken at a mobile listener to configure the beacons with a coordinate assignment that reflects the beacon layout This dissertation presents beacon interference avoidance and detection algorithms, as well as outlier rejection algorithms to prevent and filter out outlier distance estimates caused by uncoordinated beacon transmissions 
The Cricket listeners can measure distances with an accuracy of 5 cm The listeners can detect boundaries with an accuracy of 1 cm Cricket has a position estimation accuracy of 10 cm and an orientation accuracy of 3 degrees (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 Ph 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690)

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The cricket indoor location system

Advertising on mobile devices has large potential due to the very personal and intimate nature of the devices and high targeting possibilities. We introduce a novel B-MAD system for delivering permission-based location-aware mobile advertisements to mobile phones using Bluetooth positioning and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Push. We present a thorough quantitative evaluation of the system in a laboratory environment and qualitative user evaluation in form of a field trial in the real environment of use. Experimental results show that the system provides a viable solution for realizing permission-based mobile advertising.

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Bluetooth and WAP push based location-aware mobile advertising system

This paper presents the SmartRotuaari service system, which motivated by business and customer surveys provides a diverse set of consumer applications ranging from rapid and highly personalized mobile direct marketing to information, communication and payment services. We present results from the first field trial to show that SmartRotuaari provides a functional framework for large-scale field trials for the purpose of empirical evaluation of technology, new services, customer behavior and business models in real end user environment. Our work is based on a seamless cooperation between the various players in the R&D and business networks. To stimulate this cooperation we also extend our work to management research of value creating networks.

https://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/011/005/ecp011005.pdf

SmartRotuaari - Context-Aware Mobile Multimedia Services

We present the MLI (Mobile Lecture Interaction) application for enhancing lecture interaction between a teacher and the students. With their personal mobile phones students can anonymously ask questions and support questions from other students by voting for them. The questions and their support are displayed in real-time to the teacher who can then address them as (s)he finds appropriate. The results of the empirical evaluation of the MLI application in the real usage context at eight university lectures showed that the MLI improves the lecture interaction in a meaningful way.

Mobile lecture interaction: making technology and learning click

This paper introduces mTag, a distributed eventdriven architecture for discovering location specific mobile web services. Service discovery is initiated by touching a fixed RFID reader with a mobile passive RFID tag attached e.g. to a phone, which results in information of available services being pushed to users preferred device. We present a deployment proposal and prototype implementation, which is evaluated in form of two case studies in the true environment of use. The case studies show that mTag provides a promising approach for service discovery with mobile devices.

mTag - Architecture for Discovering Location Specific Mobile Web Services Using RFID and Its Evaluation with Two Case Studies

Mobility, context-awareness and payment combined provide a customer with a completely new setting of consuming services at any time and any place. We introduce SmartRestaurant service, which allows customers to use mobile devices for ordering and paying lunches from a nearby campus restaurant beforehand. Further, SmartRestaurant provides the restaurant with means of adjusting the sales with production capacity and prior knowledge of upcoming orders. We present a user evaluation of the system in form of a field trial in the real environment of use.

Jani Korhonen

Papers

Bluetooth and WAP push based location-aware mobile advertising system

SmartRotuaari - Context-Aware Mobile Multimedia Services

Mobile lecture interaction: making technology and learning click

mTag - Architecture for Discovering Location Specific Mobile Web Services Using RFID and Its Evaluation with Two Case Studies

SmartRestaurant: mobile payments in context-aware environment