Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer-by-layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.

Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges

Fibroblasts can condense a hydrated collagen lattice to a tissue-like structure 1/28th the area of the starting gel in 24 hr. The rate of the process can be regulated by varying the protein content of the lattice, the cell number, or the con- centration of an inhibitor such as Colcemid. Fibroblasts of high population doubling level propagated in vitro, which have left the cell cycle, can carry out the contraction at least as efficiently as cycling cells. The potential uses of the system as an immu- nologically tolerated "tissue" for wound hea ing and as a model for studying fibroblast function are discussed.

Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative

Bioceramics of calcium orthophosphates

Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption processes in mild steel/2,5-bis(n-thienyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles/hydrochloric acid system

Benzimidazole and its derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M HCl solution

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic media by a new triazole derivative

β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) macroporous ceramics were produced by a new manufacturing procedure. An organic skeleton constituted of polymethylmethacrylate balls (PMMA) is carried by a chemical forming treatment. This treatment consists to establish a connection between PMMA balls by a chemical superficial dissolution of the individual beads. This reaction is accompanied of significant shrinkage of the organic skeleton which is correlated with the interconnection size between beads. An empirical relation and a geometrical model, based on a theoretical arrangement of spheres of uniform sizes, were developed to determine the necessary shrinkage of the organic skeleton to obtain a desired interconnection size. PMMA skeleton is impregnated by using an aqueous suspension of β-TCP, after drying, the ceramic/polymeric composite undergoes the traditional steps of debinding and sintering to obtain finished material. This process allows a total control of the porous architecture of the part (sizes of pores and interconnections) and also to perform materials with very varied forms and dimensions with specific properties as a gradient of pore sizes or a gradient of the interconnection sizes.

Jean-Christophe Hornez

Papers

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic media by a new triazole derivative

Manufacture of macroporous β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics

Stereolithography: A new method for processing dental ceramics by additive computer-aided manufacturing

Prolonged local antibiotics delivery from hydroxyapatite functionalised with cyclodextrin polymers

Multiple parameter cytotoxicity index on dental alloys and pure metals