There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

Life expectancy in most countries has been increasing continually over the several few decades thanks to significant improvements in medicine, public health, as well as personal and environmental hygiene. However, increased life expectancy combined with falling birth rates are expected to engender a large aging demographic in the near future that would impose significant burdens on the socio-economic structure of these countries. Therefore, it is essential to develop cost-effective, easy-to-use systems for the sake of elderly healthcare and well-being. Remote health monitoring, based on non-invasive and wearable sensors, actuators and modern communication and information technologies offers an efficient and cost-effective solution that allows the elderly to continue to live in their comfortable home environment instead of expensive healthcare facilities. These systems will also allow healthcare personnel to monitor important physiological signs of their patients in real time, assess health conditions and provide feedback from distant facilities. In this paper, we have presented and compared several low-cost and non-invasive health and activity monitoring systems that were reported in recent years. A survey on textile-based sensors that can potentially be used in wearable systems is also presented. Finally, compatibility of several communication technologies as well as future perspectives and research challenges in remote monitoring systems will be discussed.

Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring.

More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting has yielded increasing power output and smaller embodiments. Power management circuits for rectification and DC-DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits.

Micropower energy harvesting

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new technological paradigm that can connect things from various fields through the Internet. For the IoT connected healthcare applications, the wireless body area network (WBAN) is gaining popularity as wearable devices spring into the market. This paper proposes a wearable sensor node with solar energy harvesting and Bluetooth low energy transmission that enables the implementation of an autonomous WBAN. Multiple sensor nodes can be deployed on different positions of the body to measure the subject’s body temperature distribution, heartbeat, and detect falls. A web-based smartphone application is also developed for displaying the sensor data and fall notification. To extend the lifetime of the wearable sensor node, a flexible solar energy harvester with an output-based maximum power point tracking technique is used to power the sensor node. Experimental results show that the wearable sensor node works well when powered by the solar energy harvester. The autonomous 24 h operation is achieved with the experimental results. The proposed system with solar energy harvesting demonstrates that long-term continuous medical monitoring based on WBAN is possible provided that the subject stays outside for a short period of time in a day.

An Autonomous Wireless Body Area Network Implementation Towards IoT Connected Healthcare Applications

Blood pressure monitoring based on pulse transit or arrival time has been the focus of much research in order to design ambulatory blood pressure monitors. The accuracy of these monitors is limited by several challenges, such as acquisition and processing of physiological signals as well as changes in vascular tone and the pre-ejection period. In this work, a literature survey covering recent developments is presented in order to identify gaps in the literature. The findings of the literature are classified according to three aspects. These are the calibration of pulse transit/arrival times to blood pressure, acquisition and processing of physiological signals and finally, the design of fully integrated blood pressure measurement systems. Alternative technologies as well as locations for the measurement of the pulse wave signal should be investigated in order to improve the accuracy during calibration. Furthermore, the integration and validation of monitoring systems needs to be improved in current ambulatory blood pressure monitors.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0967-3334/36/3/R1/pdf

A survey on signals and systems in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring using pulse transit time

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new communication paradigm that can connect elements from various fields through the Internet. One of the most attractive IoT applications is in the modern healthcare area, as the traditional healthcare system has an increasing demand for social resources, including doctors, nurses, hospital beds, and health monitoring devices. In this article, the design of a compact wearable sensor patch is presented for measurements of different physiological signals, such as the electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmography (PPG), and body temperature. As ECG and PPG sensors are integrated with the same device, the proposed sensor patch can be used to estimate blood pressure (BP) continuously based on the pulse arrival time (PAT) without extra wires and devices. The sensor patch consists of a center board for signal acquisition and processing, a power board for energy supply and charging batteries, and three sensors for vital signs monitoring. All the components are designed in a rigid-flex structure, which can be easily attached to the human body for remote health monitoring applications. The sensors can be detached from the center board for customized measurements of a certain physiological signal (e.g., ECG) to reduce power consumption. Experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed sensor patch by comparison with a commercial reference device. With the integration of a miniaturized Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) module, the proposed sensor system can transmit physiological measurements wirelessly to a gateway. Data encryption is applied on both the sensor patch and gateways to protect data for privacy and security purposes during transmission. Both a mobile gateway (based on smartphones) and a fixed gateway (based on portable computers) are designed as the bridge between the wearable sensor system and the Internet cloud, where health data can be stored and further analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the overall platform for IoT-connected healthcare applications.

A Rigid-Flex Wearable Health Monitoring Sensor Patch for IoT-Connected Healthcare Applications

Poor environmental conditions can lead to severe health problems. It is essential to develop effective, reliable, and fast response systems for people working in hazardous environments. This paper presents a wearable Internet of Things sensor network aimed at monitoring harmful environmental conditions for safety applications via a Lora wireless network. The proposed sensor node, called the WE-Safe node, is based on a customized sensor node, which is self-powered, low-power, and supports multiple environmental sensors. Environmental data is monitored by the sensor node in real-time and transmitted to a remote cloud server. The data can be displayed to users through a web-based application located on the cloud server and the device will alert the user via a mobile application when an emergency condition is detected. The experimental results indicate that the presented safety monitoring network works reliably using energy harvesting.

WE-Safe: A Self-Powered Wearable IoT Sensor Network for Safety Applications Based on LoRa

With the increasing use of wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) devices in healthcare, it is of utmost importance to analyze the electromagnetic power absorption and thermal effects caused by in-body propagation of wireless signals from these devices. This paper studies the path loss, specific absorption rate (SAR), specific absorption (SA), and temperature variation of the human body caused by an impulse-radio ultra-wideband (UWB) based WCE operating inside the human abdomen. In addition, the design and in-body performance of an UWB antenna with dimensions of ${\hbox{11.85}}\times {\hbox{9}}\times {\hbox{1.27}}\ {\hbox{mm}}$ and operating from 3.5 to 4.5 GHz is described in this paper. Path loss is evaluated using both experimental and simulation based methods to characterize the in-body propagation channel. The experimental setup uses a pig’s abdominal tissue samples to demonstrate the propagation characteristics of human tissue while a voxel model of the human body consisting of human tissue simulating materials is used in the simulations. The tissue properties, such as relative permittivity, are characterized according to the incident signal frequency and age of the tissue sample during simulations. The SAR and SA variations for different positions of the WCE device inside the colon and the small intestine of the human body model are analyzed using the finite integration technique as the discretization model. The dependency of the electromagnetic effects on the antenna positioning is investigated by using different positions of the antenna inside the human body.

Jean-Michel Redoute

Papers

An Autonomous Wireless Body Area Network Implementation Towards IoT Connected Healthcare Applications

A survey on signals and systems in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring using pulse transit time

A Rigid-Flex Wearable Health Monitoring Sensor Patch for IoT-Connected Healthcare Applications

WE-Safe: A Self-Powered Wearable IoT Sensor Network for Safety Applications Based on LoRa

Propagation, Power Absorption, and Temperature Analysis of UWB Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Devices Operating in the Human Body