Wittgenstein's work remains, undeniably, now, that off one of those few philosophers who will be read by all future generations.

Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics. By L. Wittgenstein. Edited by G. H. Von Wright, R. Rhees and G. E. M. Anscombe. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Pp. 400. 37s. 6d. 1956. (Basil Blackwell, Oxford)

To study animal welfare empirically we need an objective basis for deciding when an animal is suffering. Suffering includes a wide range ofunpleasant emotional states such as fear, boredom, pain, and hunger. Suffering has evolved as a mechanism for avoiding sources ofdanger and threats to fitness. Captive animals often suffer in situations in which they are prevented from doing something that they are highly motivated to do. The “price” an animal is prepared to pay to attain or to escape a situation is an index ofhow the animal “feels” about that situation. Withholding conditions or commodities for which an animal shows “inelastic demand” (i.e., for which it continues to work despite increasing costs) is very likely to cause suffering. In designing environments for animals in zoos, farms, and laboratories, priority should be given to features for which animals show inelastic demand. The care ofanimals can thereby be based on an objective, animal-centered assessment of their needs.

From an animal's point of view: Motivation, fitness, and animal welfare.

Segundo a pressuposicao de consistencia classica, as contradicoes tem um cara[c]ter explosivo; uma vez que estejam presentes em uma teoria, tudo vale, e nenhum raciocinio sensato pode entao ter lugar. Uma logica e paraconsistente se ela rejeita uma tal pressuposicao, e aceita ao inves que algumas teorias inconsistentes conquanto nao-triviais facam perfeito sentido. A? Logicas da Inconsistencia Formal, LIFs, formam uma classe de logicas paraconsistentes particularmente expressivas nas quais a nocao meta-teonca de consistencia pode ser internalizada ao nivel da linguagem obje[c]to. Como consequencia, as LIFs sao capazes de recapturar o raciocinio consistente pelo acrescimo de assuncoes de consistencia apropriadas. Assim, por exemplo, enquanto regras classicas tais como o silogismo disjuntivo (de A e {nao-,4)-ou-13, infira B) estao fadadas a falhar numa logica paraconsistente (pois A e (nao-A) poderiam ambas ser verdadeiras para algum A, independentemente de B), elas podem ser recuperadas por uma LIF se o conjunto das premissas for ampliado pela presuncao de que estamos raciocinando em um ambiente consistente (neste caso, pelo acrescimo de (consistente-.A) como uma hipotese adicional da regra). A presente monografia introduz as LIFs e apresenta diversas ilustracoes destas logicas e de suas propriedades, mostrando que tais logicas constituem com efeito a maior parte dos sistemas paraconsistentes da literatura. Diversas formas de se efe[c]tuar a recaptura do raciocinio consistente dentro de tais sistemas inconsistentes sao tambem ilustradas Em cada caso, interpretacoes em termos de semânticas polivalentes, de traducoes possiveis ou modais sao fornecidas, e os problemas relacionados a provisao de contrapartidas algebricas para tais logicas sao examinados. Uma abordagem formal abstra[cjta e proposta para todas as definicoes relacionadas e uma extensa investigacao e feita sobre os principios logicos e as propriedades positivas e negativas da negacao 
Abstract

http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/bitstream/REPOSIP/281301/1/Almeida_JoaoMarcosde_D.pdf

Logics of Formal Inconsistency

Divided into two parts, the first concentrates on the logical properties of propositions, their relation to facts and sentences, and the parallel objects of commands and questions. The second part examines theories of intentionality and discusses the relationship between different theories of naming and different accounts of belief.

Objects of Thought.

Over the past few decades, reasoning and rationality have been the focus of enormous interdisciplinary attention, attracting interest from philosophers, psychologists, economists, statisticians and anthropologists, among others. The widespread interest in the topic reflects the central status of reasoning in human affairs. But it also suggests that there are many different though related projects and tasks which need to be addressed if we are to attain a comprehensive understanding of reasoning.

Reason and Rationality

Paraconsistent Logic: Essays on the Inconsistent

Smart and the secondary qualities, Professor D.M.Armstrong laws coincidences and relations between universals, Dr L.J.Cohen the ontology of scientific realism, Professor Brian Ellis why moral language?, Professor R.M.Hare group morality, Professor Frank Jackson the singularly affecting facts of causation, Dr D.H.Mellor the diversity of the sciences, Professor Hilary Putnam life's uncertain voyage, Professor Peter Singer replies, Professor J.J.C.Smart.

Metaphysics and Morality: Essays in Honour of J.J.C. Smart

1. Introduction: Routes in Relevant Logic.- I. Relevance and the Connection Requirement.- 2. "Relevance" in Logic and Grammar.- 3. Literal Relevance.- 4. The Relevance of Relevant Logics.- 5. The Classical Logic of Relevant Logicians.- 6. Relevance Principles and Formal Deducibility.- II. The Grander Sweep of Relevant Logics.- 7. Analytic Implication Its History, Justification and Varieties.- 8. Deducibility, Entailment and Analytic Containment.- 9. Conjunctive Containment.- 10. Real Implication.- 11. What is Relevant Implication?.- III. Technical Investigations and Present Limitations.- 12. The NonExistence of Finite Characteristic Matrices for Subsystems of R2.- 13. Relevant Implication and Leibnizian Necessity.- 14. Which Entailments Entail Which Entailments?.- 15. Categorical Propositions in Relevance Logic.- 16. Incompleteness for Quantified Relevance Logics.- IV. Wider Applications of Relevant Logics.- 17. Gentzen's Cut and Ackermann's Gamma.- 18. Semantic Discovery for Relevance Logics.- 19. Philosophical and Linguistic Inroads: Multiply Intensional Relevant Logics.- 20. Quantification, Identity, and Opacity in Relevant Logic.- 21. Relevance Logic and Inferential Knowledge.- 22. Semantics Unlimited I: A Relevant Synthesis of Implication with Higher Intensionality.- 23. Relevance, Truth and Meaning.- 24. Conclusion: Further Directions in Relevant Logics.

Directions in relevant logic

It is an exciting time in logic, it is a dull and irritating time in logic; it is the best of times, it is the worst of times; it is an age of relevant logical innovation, it is an age of conformity, oppressed by restrictive practices under the dominant logical paradigm; it is a season of brilliant shafts of light, it is a season of classical darkness; it is a spring of hope, it is a winter of despair; we have everything before us, we have nothing before us; we relevantists are all going direct to Heaven to inspect the keys of the Universe and what they open, we are all condemned to go direct the other Way — in short it is a time so far like other periods of major logical revolution that some of the noisiest anti-authorities insist upon it being received, for good or evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.1

Jean Norman

Papers

Paraconsistent Logic: Essays on the Inconsistent

Metaphysics and Morality: Essays in Honour of J.J.C. Smart

Directions in relevant logic

Introduction: Routes in Relevant Logic