Magneto‐/ electro‐responsive polymers toward manufacturing, characterization, and biomedical/ soft robotic applications

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have a wide range of applications; an area of particular interest is magnetic particle imaging (MPI). MPI is an imaging modality that utilizes superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIONs) as tracer particles to produce highly sensitive and specific images in a broad range of applications, including cardiovascular, neuroimaging, tumor imaging, magnetic hyperthermia and cellular tracking. While there are hurdles to overcome, including accessibility of products, and an understanding of safety and toxicity profiles, MPI has the potential to revolutionize research and clinical biomedical imaging. This review will explore a brief history of MPI, MNP synthesis methods, current and future applications, and safety concerns associated with this newly emerging imaging modality.

Magnetic Particle Imaging: Current and Future Applications, Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis Methods and Safety Measures.

Iron oxide nanoparticle-based hyperthermia is an emerging field in cancer treatment. The hyperthermia is primarily achieved by two differing methods: magnetic fluid hyperthermia and photothermal therapy. In magnetic fluid hyperthermia, the iron oxide nanoparticles are heated by an alternating magnetic field through Brownian and Neel relaxation. In photothermal therapy, the hyperthermia is mainly generated by absorption of light, thereby converting electromagnetic waves into thermal energy. By use of iron oxide nanoparticles, this effect can be enhanced. Both methods are promising tools in cancer treatment and are, therefore, also explored for gastrointestinal malignancies. Here, we provide an extensive literature research on both therapy options for the most common gastrointestinal malignancies (esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer, colorectal liver metastases, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer). As many of these rank in the top ten of cancer-related deaths, novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. This review describes the efforts undertaken in vitro and in vivo.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Hyperthermia as a Treatment Option in Various Gastrointestinal Malignancies.

This paper describes a magnetic nanotechnology that locally enables hyperthermia treatment of hollow organ tumors by using polymer hybrid stents with incorporated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). The hybrid stents are implanted and activated in an alternating magnetic field to generate therapeutically effective heat, thereby destroying the tumor. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of nanomagnetic actuation of three prototype hybrid stents for hyperthermia treatment of hollow organ tumors. The results show that the heating efficiency of stent filaments increases with frequency from approximately 60 W/gFe (95 kHz) to approximately 250 W/gFe (270 kHz). The same trend is observed for the variation of magnetic field amplitude; however, heating efficiency saturates at approximately 30 kA/m. MNP immobilization strongly influences heating efficiency showing a relative difference in heating output of up to 60% compared to that of freely dispersed MNP. The stents showed uniformly distributed heat on their surface reaching therapeutically effective temperatures of 43 °C and were tested in an explanted pig bile duct for their biological safety. Nanomagnetic actuation of hybrid stents opens new possibilities in cancer treatment of hollow organ tumors.

Nanomagnetic Actuation of Hybrid Stents for Hyperthermia Treatment of Hollow Organ Tumors

Magnetic hyperthermia studies in magnetite ferrofluids based on bio-friendly oils extracted from Calophyllum inophyllum, Brassica juncea, Ricinus communis and Madhuca longifolia

Assessing hyperthermia performance of hybrid textile filaments: The impact of different heating agents

In this study, we evaluate the hyperthermia efficiency of polypropylene (PP) fibers with incorporated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), which are used to develop inductive heatable stents in cancer therapy. Further, we investigate their depiction in magnetic particle imaging (MPI). We show that the intrinsic loss power (ILP) value depends on the MNP agglomeration state and their concentration inside the fibers, while the intensity values in the MPI images show a linear response with MNP concentration. We conclude that MNP dynamic magnetic behavior strongly changes with different MNP agglomeration states and magnetic field settings.
 
Int. J. Mag. Part. Imag. 6(2), Suppl. 1, 2020, Article ID: 2009024, DOI: 10.18416/IJMPI.2020.2009024

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Jeanette Ortega

Papers

Nanomagnetic Actuation of Hybrid Stents for Hyperthermia Treatment of Hollow Organ Tumors

Assessing hyperthermia performance of hybrid textile filaments: The impact of different heating agents

MPI visualization and inductive heating of hybrid implant fibers