Jennifer A. Lau

TL;DR: It is found that many more studies have documented costs of resistance (sensu lato) than found during the 1996 survey and that eighty-two percent of studies in which genetic background is controlled, demonstrate significant fitness reductions associated with herbivore resistance.

TL;DR: The evidence for evolutionary responses of native species to novel community members is reviewed and how the effects of introduced species may differ from those caused by natural range expansions ofnative species is discussed.

TL;DR: Examination of plant adaptation to drought stress in a multigeneration experiment that manipulated aboveground–belowground feedbacks between plants and soil microbial communities suggests that plants may not be limited to “adapt or migrate” strategies; instead, they also may benefit from association with interacting species, especially diverse soil microbial Communities that respond rapidly to environmental change.

TL;DR: The authors evaluate evidence for population differentiation, natural selection and adaptive evolution of invading plants and animals at two nested spatial scales: (i) among introduced populations and (ii) between native and introduced genotypes.

TL;DR: The results suggest that microbial community structure affects patterns of natural selection on plant traits, suggesting that the below-ground microbial community can influence evolutionary processes, just as recent studies have demonstrated that microbial diversity can influence plant community and ecosystem processes.