Chemistries that Facilitate Nanotechnology Kim E. Sapsford,† W. Russ Algar, Lorenzo Berti, Kelly Boeneman Gemmill,‡ Brendan J. Casey,† Eunkeu Oh, Michael H. Stewart, and Igor L. Medintz*,‡ †Division of Biology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States ‡Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900 and Division of Optical Sciences Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States College of Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, United States Sotera Defense Solutions, Crofton, Maryland 21114, United States

Functionalizing nanoparticles with biological molecules: developing chemistries that facilitate nanotechnology.

Challenges Eun-Kyung Lim,†,‡,§ Taekhoon Kim, Soonmyung Paik, Seungjoo Haam, Yong-Min Huh,*,† and Kwangyeol Lee* Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea †Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Korea Division of Pathology, NSABP Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea ‡BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea Electronic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Mt. 14-1, Nongseo-Ri, Giheung-Eup, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 449-712, Korea

Nanomaterials for theranostics: recent advances and future challenges.

Semiconductor nanoparticles, or quantum dots (QDs), have unique photophysical properties, such as size-controlled fluorescence, have high fluorescence quantum yields, and stability against photobleaching. These properties enable the use of QDs as optical labels for the multiplexed analysis of immunocomplexes or DNA hybridization processes. Semiconductor QDs are also used to probe biocatalytic transformations. The time-dependent replication or telomerization of nucleic acids, the oxidation of phenol derivatives by tyrosinase, or the hydrolytic cleavage of peptides by proteases are probed by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer or photoinduced electron transfer. The photoexcitation of QD-biomolecule hybrids associated with electrodes enables the photoelectrochemical transduction of biorecognition events or biocatalytic transformations. Examples are the generation of photocurrents by duplex DNA assemblies bridging CdS NPs to electrodes, and by the formation of photocurrents as a result of biocatalyzed transformations. Semiconductor nanoparticles are also used as labels for the electrochemical detection of DNA or proteins: Semiconductor NPs functionalized with nucleic acids or proteins bind to biorecognition complexes, and the subsequent dissolution of the NPs allows the voltammetric detection of the related ions, and the tracing of the recognition events.

Semiconductor quantum dots for bioanalysis.

Carbon dots (CDs) possess unique optical properties such as tunable photoluminescence (PL) and excitation dependent multicolor emission. The quenching and recovery of the fluorescence of CDs can be utilized for detecting analytes. The PL mechanisms of CDs have been discussed in previous articles, but the quenching mechanisms of CDs have not been summarized so far. Quenching mechanisms include static quenching, dynamic quenching, Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), surface energy transfer (SET), Dexter energy transfer (DET) and inner filter effect (IFE). Following an introduction, the review (with 88 refs.) first summarizes the various kinds of quenching mechanisms of CDs (including static quenching, dynamic quenching, FRET, PET and IFE), the principles of these quenching mechanisms, and the methods of distinguishing these quenching mechanisms. This is followed by an overview on applications of the various quenching mechanisms in detection and imaging.

The quenching of the fluorescence of carbon dots: A review on mechanisms and applications

Due to the wide range of applications and biological significance, the development of optical probes for silver, gold and platinum ions has been an active research area in the past few years. This tutorial review focuses on the recent contributions concerning the fluorescent or colorimetric sensors for these metal ions, and is organized according to their structural classifications (for Ag+ detection) and unique mechanisms between the sensors and metal ions (for Au3+ and Pt2+ detection).

Recent progress in fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for detection of precious metal ions (silver, gold and platinum ions)

The interaction of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescence (FL), ultraviolet visible (UV−vis) absorption, Raman, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Results indicated that MNPs quench BSA FL mainly by a static quenching mechanism. The FL quenching constants KSV were obtained as 2.44 × 108, 2.41 × 108, and 2.40 × 108 L·mol−1 at 291, 298, and 313 K, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy change ΔHθ, entropy change ΔSθ, and free energy change ΔGθ were −0.90 kJ·mol−1, 157.38 J·mol−1·K−1, and −47.80 kJ·mol−1 (298 K), respectively. The association constant (KA) and the number of binding sites (n) were 7.64 × 107 L·mol−1 and 46.55 at higher concentration of MNPs, and 1.35 × 106 L·mol−1 and 284.74 at lower concentration of MNPs. The analysis results suggested that the interaction was spontaneous and the electrostatic interactions played key roles in the reaction process. In addition, the Raman and CD spectra proved secondary s...

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Probing the interaction of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic techniques.

With the gradual usage of carbon dots (CDs) in the area of antiviral research, attempts have been stepped up to develop new antiviral CDs with high biocompatibility and antiviral effects. In this study, a kind of highly biocompatible CDs (Gly-CDs) is synthesized from active ingredient (glycyrrhizic acid) of Chinese herbal medicine by a hydrothermal method. Using the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a model, it is found that the Gly-CDs inhibit PRRSV proliferation by up to 5 orders of viral titers. Detailed investigations reveal that Gly-CDs can inhibit PRRSV invasion and replication, stimulate antiviral innate immune responses, and inhibit the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by PRRSV infection. Proteomics analysis demonstrates that Gly-CDs can stimulate cells to regulate the expression of some host restriction factors, including DDX53 and NOS3, which are directly related to PRRSV proliferation. Moreover, it is found that Gly-CDs also remarkably suppress the propagation of other viruses, such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), suggesting the broad antiviral activity of Gly-CDs. The integrated results demonstrate that Gly-CDs possess extraordinary antiviral activity with multisite inhibition mechanisms, providing a promising candidate for alternative therapy for PRRSV infection.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/smll.201906206

Glycyrrhizic-Acid-Based Carbon Dots with High Antiviral Activity by Multisite Inhibition Mechanisms.

Development of novel antiviral reagents is of great importance for the control of virus spread. Here, Ag2S nanoclusters (NCs) were proved for the first time to possess highly efficient antiviral activity by using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a model of coronavirus. Analyses of virus titers showed that Ag2S NCs significantly suppressed the infection of PEDV by about 3 orders of magnitude at the noncytotoxic concentration at 12 h postinfection, which was further confirmed by the expression of viral proteins. Mechanism investigations indicated that Ag2S NCs treatment inhibits the synthesis of viral negative-strand RNA and viral budding. Ag2S NCs treatment was also found to positively regulate the generation of IFN-stimulating genes (ISGs) and the expression of proinflammation cytokines, which might prevent PEDV infection. This study suggest the novel underlying of Ag2S NCs as a promising therapeutic drug for coronavirus.

Glutathione-Capped Ag2S Nanoclusters Inhibit Coronavirus Proliferation through Blockage of Viral RNA Synthesis and Budding

A novel method for the determination of Pb2+ has been developed based on quenching of the fluorescence of thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) by Pb2+ in aqueous solutions. Under optimum conditions, the relative fluorescence intensity was linearly proportional to the concentration of Pb2+ between 2.0 × 10−6 and 1.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 2.7 × 10−7 mol L−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 4.6% for a 4.0 × 10−5 mol L−1 Pb2+ solution (N = 5). As an application, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of Pb2+ in food samples, and the results were satisfactory, i.e. consistent with those of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

Jiangong Liang

Papers

Probing the interaction of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic techniques.

Glycyrrhizic-Acid-Based Carbon Dots with High Antiviral Activity by Multisite Inhibition Mechanisms.

Glutathione-Capped Ag2S Nanoclusters Inhibit Coronavirus Proliferation through Blockage of Viral RNA Synthesis and Budding

A novel method for the determination of Pb2+ based on the quenching of the fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots

Carbon dots as inhibitors of virus by activation of type I interferon response