A critical review on the use of potentiometric based biosensors for biomarkers detection

Heavy metal ions, one of the most important pollutants today, widely exist in the environment, and can cause different degrees of damage to the ecological environment and human body. In the face of the increasingly severe situation of heavy metal pollution, it is urgent to develop a rapid, robust, sensitive, and convenient method for heavy metal ions detection. Compared with the traditional detection methods, the screen-printed electrochemical sensor based on nanomaterials has the advantages of rapid detection speed, high sensitivity, high selectivity, and high stability, which make it become the preferred method for the detection of heavy metal ions. This review presents the recent progress in the field of heavy metal ions determination using various nanomaterials-enabled screen-printed electrochemical sensors. The fabrication strategy and analytical performance of carbon nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes and graphene), metal nanomaterials (such as gold nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles), and metal oxide nanomaterials (such as Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Bi2O3 nanoparticles)-enabled disposable sensors for electrochemical determination of heavy metal ions are summarized systematically. In addition, the application of these sensors in real samples for the analysis of heavy metal ions is discussed in detail, and the future development in this field is also provided.

Recent advances in nanomaterial-enabled screen-printed electrochemical sensors for heavy metal detection

Advances in oxidase-mimicking nanozymes: Classification, activity regulation and biomedical applications

Most heavy metal ions are known to be toxic and carcinogenic when present in high amounts Thus, rapid and reliable on-site detection of these ions is crucial Voltammetry is a highly sensitive electrochemical method that has been widely used for heavy metal detection offering the advantages of sensitivity and rapidity On the other hand, nanoparticles offer the advantages of high surface area and high selectivity Thus, this review aims to highlight the application of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles for the voltammetric detection of heavy metals The nanoparticles used were either applied solely on the electrode or as modifiers with various materials In all cases, the synthesized devices showed an enhanced analytical performance, such that the limits of detection were lowered and the sensitivities were increased as compared to voltammetric systems not using nanoparticles Moreover, the applicability of some of these systems was investigated in real samples

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Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in the voltammetric detection of heavy metals: A review

Chromium contamination of drinking water has become a global problem due to its extensive use in industry. The most commonly used methods for chromium detection in water are laboratory-based methods, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. Although these methods are highly selective and sensitive, they require expensive maintenance and highly trained staff. Therefore, there is a growing demand for cost effective and portable detection methods that would meet the demand for mass monitoring. Microfluidic detection systems based on optical detection have great potential for onsite monitoring applications. Furthermore, their small size enables rapid sample throughput and minimises both reagent consumption and waste generation. In contrast to standard laboratory methods, there is also no requirement for sample transport and storage. The aim of this study is to optimise a colorimetric method based on 1,5-diphenylcarbazide dye for incorporation into a microfluidic detection system. Rapid colour development was observed after the addition of the dye and samples were measured at 543 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range between 0.03–3 mg·L−1. The detection limit and quantitation limit were found to be 0.023 and 0.076 mg·L−1, respectively.

Chromium Monitoring in Water by Colorimetry Using Optimised 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide Method

Chromium(VI) has been known as a toxic heavy metal ion that can cause adverse effects to human health, including carcinogenic effects. An approach that can detect chromium(VI) in a rapid, sensitive and portable manner is of great importance. This paper presents a miniaturized portable electrochemical system for chromium(VI) determination based on a screen-printed carbon electrode with gold nanoparticles modification. The miniaturized electrochemical system is composed of an analyzer, a detection module integrated with a screen-printed carbon electrode and a laptop or smartphone. Gold nanoparticles were modified on the working electrode in screen-printed carbon electrode to implement high sensitive detection of chromium(VI). The effect of pH, different supporting electrolyte and scan rate were studied. With the optimized conditions, the calibration curve for chromium(VI) shows a sensitivity of 1.1 nA(μg/L)−1 and a linearity of 0.999 from 20 μg/L to 200 μg/L with a limit of detection of 5.4 μg/L. The results suggest that this system could provide a promising platform for in-situ, rapid and sensitive detection of chromium (VI) in water.

A miniaturized electrochemical system for high sensitive determination of chromium(VI) by screen-printed carbon electrode with gold nanoparticles modification

Invisible mercury ion is an extremely poisonous environmental pollutant, therefore, a fast and highly sensitive detection method is of significant importance. In this study, a liquid-gated graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) array biosensor (6 × 6 GFETs on the chip) was fabricated and applied for Hg2+ quantitate detection based on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer. The biosensor showed outstanding selectivity to Hg2+ in mixed solutions containing various metal ions. Moreover, the sensing capability of the biosensor was demonstrated by real-time responses and showed a fairly low detection limit of 40 pM, a wide detection ranged from 100 pM to 100 nM and rapid response time below one second. These results suggest that the GFET array biosensor based on ssDNA aptamer offers a simple fabrication procedure and quite fast method for mercury ion contaminant detection and are promising for various analytical applications.

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Graphene FET Array Biosensor Based on ssDNA Aptamer for Ultrasensitive Hg2+ Detection in Environmental Pollutants.

MnO2 nanosheets as the biomimetic oxidase for rapid and sensitive oxalate detection combining with bionic E-eye.

Metabolism is a common biological mechanism in living cells. Acidification plays an important role in cell metabolism, in which the extracellular pH change is used to indicate the vitality of cells. For extracellular detection of cell metabolic substances, light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) has many advantages, such as high sensitivity, easy encapsulation, and convenient integration with microfluidic system for cell experiments. LAPS is a spatially resolved biochemical sensor based on field-effect. In this work, we present a microfluidic system integrated with LAPS for real-time extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) detection. The functions of traditional microphysiometer are achieved with simpler structure devices. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chamber was manufactured for cell culture, and microfluidic flow paths were used for medium and drug delivery. A bubble trap device was applied to eliminate air bubbles generated in microfluidics. Characteristic tests and cell metabolism experiments were carried out to determine the performance of LAPS by monitoring the pH change of hepatoma HepG2 cells. Glucose and doxorubicin were delivered to the cell chamber to verify the effects of the drug. The pH sensitivity of LAPS is 335.5 nA/pH at the working point in constant voltage mode. The ECAR of HepG2 cells was -48.53 mpH/min in normal glucose medium (25 mM), and it changed to -114.42 mpH/min in high glucose medium (125 mM) and -17.88 mpH/min under the effect of doxorubicin (10 μM). The results show that the microfluidic LAPS presents good performance in real-time detection of cell acidification and provides a convenient means of assessing cellular specificity of drugs. The modular structure and high expandability make the microfluidic LAPS has good potential in the application of organ-on-chip.

Microfluidic chip system integrated with light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) for real-time extracellular acidification detection

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.1061910jes/pdf

Jiawei Tu

Papers

A miniaturized electrochemical system for high sensitive determination of chromium(VI) by screen-printed carbon electrode with gold nanoparticles modification

Graphene FET Array Biosensor Based on ssDNA Aptamer for Ultrasensitive Hg2+ Detection in Environmental Pollutants.

MnO2 nanosheets as the biomimetic oxidase for rapid and sensitive oxalate detection combining with bionic E-eye.

Microfluidic chip system integrated with light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) for real-time extracellular acidification detection

An Ultrasensitive Gold Nanoband Aptasensor for Mercury(II) Detection in Aquatic Environment