There is intense interest in graphene in fields such as physics, chemistry, and materials science, among others. Interest in graphene's exceptional physical properties, chemical tunability, and potential for applications has generated thousands of publications and an accelerating pace of research, making review of such research timely. Here is an overview of the synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene and related materials (primarily, graphite oxide and its colloidal suspensions and materials made from them), from a materials science perspective.

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Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Graphene based materials: Past, present and future

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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Herein we obtained a chemically bonded TiO2 (P25)-graphene nanocomposite photocatalyst with graphene oxide and P25, using a facile one-step hydrothermal method. During the hydrothermal reaction, both of the reduction of graphene oxide and loading of P25 were achieved. The as-prepared P25-graphene photocatalyst possessed great adsorptivity of dyes, extended light absorption range, and efficient charge separation properties simultaneously, which was rarely reported in other TiO2−carbon photocatalysts. Hence, in the photodegradation of methylene blue, a significant enhancement in the reaction rate was observed with P25-graphene, compared to the bare P25 and P25-CNTs with the same carbon content. Overall, this work could provide new insights into the fabrication of a TiO2−carbon composite as high performance photocatalysts and facilitate their application in the environmental protection issues.

P25-Graphene Composite as a High Performance Photocatalyst

Graphene, emerging as a true 2-dimensional material, has received increasing attention due to its unique physicochemical properties (high surface area, excellent conductivity, high mechanical strength, and ease of functionalization and mass production). This article selectively reviews recent advances in graphene-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors. In particular, graphene for direct electrochemistry of enzyme, its electrocatalytic activity toward small biomolecules (hydrogen peroxide, NADH, dopamine, etc.), and graphenebased enzyme biosensors have been summarized in more detail; Graphene-based DNA sensing and environmental analysis have been discussed. Future perspectives in this rapidly developing field are also discussed.

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Graphene Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review

This paper describes the preparation, characterization, and electrochemical properties of reduced graphene sheet films (rGSFs), investigating especially their electrochemical behavior for several redox systems and electrocatalytic properties towards oxygen and some small molecules. The reduced graphene sheets (rGSs) are produced in high yield by a soft chemistry route involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic exfoliation, and chemical reduction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy clearly demonstrate that graphene was successfully synthesized and modified at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. Several redox species, such as Ru(NH3)63+/2+, Fe(CN)63−/4−, Fe3+/2+ and dopamine, are used to probe the electrochemical properties of these graphene films by using the cyclic voltammetry method. The rGSFs demonstrate fast electron-transfer (ET) kinetics and possess excellent electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction and certain biomolecules. In our opinion, this microstructural and electrochemical information can serve as an important benchmark for graphene-based electrode performances.

Preparation, Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of Reduced Graphene Sheet Films

Application of graphene-modified electrode for selective detection of dopamine

To improve the performance of SnO2 as anode materials for lithium battery, a facile and efficient method to prepare the composites of SnO2-nanocrystal/graphene-nanosheets was developed on the basis of the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by Sn2+ ion. Changing the ratio of Sn2+ and GO led to the morphology changes of SnO2/graphene-nanosheets composite. The performance as anode materials for lithium battery was studied in this report. The results showed that the electrochemical performance of composites was greatly enhanced, indicating that the composites might have a promising future as application in Li-ion battery.

Preparation of SnO2-Nanocrystal/Graphene-Nanosheets Composites and Their Lithium Storage Ability

Here we report a graphene oxide amplified electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of quantum dots (QDs) platform and its efficient selective sensing for antioxidants. Graphene oxide facilitated the CdTe QDs•+ production and triggered O2•− generation. Then, a high yield of CdTe QDs* was formed due to the combination of CdTe QDs•+ and O2•−, leading to an ∼5-fold ECL amplification. Glutathione is the most abundant cellular thiol-containing peptide, but its selective sensing is an intractable issue in analytical and biochemical communities because its detection is interfered with by some thiol-containing compounds. This platform showed a detection limit of 8.3 μM (S/N = 3) for glutathione and a selective detection linear dependence from 24 to 214 μM in the presence of 120 μM cysteine and glutathione disulfide. This platform was also successfully used for real sample (eye drug containing glutathione) detection without any pretreatment with a wide linear range from 0.04 to 0.29 μg mL−1.

Graphene oxide amplified electrogenerated chemiluminescence of quantum dots and its selective sensing for glutathione from thiol-containing compounds.

We report on label-free imaging, detection, and mass/size measurement of single viral particles in solution by high-resolution surface plasmon resonance microscopy. Diffraction of propagating plasmon waves along a metal surface by the viral particles creates images of the individual particles, which allow us to detect the binding of the viral particles to surfaces functionalized with and without antibodies. We show that the intensity of the particle image is related to the mass of the particle, from which we determine the mass and mass distribution of influenza viral particles with a mass detection limit of approximately 1 ag (or 0.2 fg/mm2). This work demonstrates a multiplexed method to measure the masses of individual viral particles and to study the binding activity of the viral particles.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/107/37/16028.full.pdf

Jin Lu

Papers

Preparation, Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of Reduced Graphene Sheet Films

Application of graphene-modified electrode for selective detection of dopamine

Preparation of SnO2-Nanocrystal/Graphene-Nanosheets Composites and Their Lithium Storage Ability

Graphene oxide amplified electrogenerated chemiluminescence of quantum dots and its selective sensing for glutathione from thiol-containing compounds.

Label-free imaging, detection, and mass measurement of single viruses by surface plasmon resonance.