PEDOT:PSS: CuNW-based transparent composite electrodes for high-performance and flexible organic photovoltaics under indoor lighting

The 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides (2D MXenes) are a versatile class of 2D materials for photovoltaic (PV) systems. The numerous advantages of MXenes, including their excellent metallic conductivity, high optical transmittance, solution processability, tunable work‐function, and hydrophilicity, make them suitable for deployment in PV technology. This comprehensive review focuses on the synthesis methodologies and properties of MXenes and MXene‐based materials for PV systems. Titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx), a well‐known member of the MXene family, has been studied in many PV applications. Herein, the effectiveness of Ti3C2Tx as an additive in different types of PV cells, and the synergetic impact of Ti3C2Tx as an interfacial material on the photovoltaic performance of PV cells, are systematically examined. Subsequently, the utilization of Ti3C2Tx as a transparent conductive electrode, and its influence on the stability of the PV cells, are discussed. This review also considers problems that emerged from previous studies, and provides guidelines for the further exploration of Ti3C2Tx and other members of the 2D MXene family in PV technology. This timely study is expected to provide comprehensive understanding of the current status of MXenes, and to set the direction for the future development in 2D material design and processing for PVs.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/advs.202104743

2D MXene: A Potential Candidate for Photovoltaic Cells? A Critical Review

Colorful indoor organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years for their autonomous function in internet-of-things (IoT) devices. In this study, a solution-processed TiO2layer in a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) color filter electrode is used for light energy recycling in P3HT:ICBA-based indoor OPVs. The MOM electrode allows for tuning of the optical cavity mode to maximize photocurrent production by modulating the thickness of the TiO2layer in the sandwich structure. This approach preserves the OPVs' optoelectronic properties without damaging the photoactive layer and enables them to display a suitable range of vivid colors. The optimized MOM-OPVs demonstrated an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.8% ± 0.2%, which is approximately 20% higher than that of reference opaque OPVs under 1000 lx light emitting diode illumination. This can be attributed to the high photocurrent density due to the nonresonant light reflected from metals into the photoactive layer. Additionally, the proposed MOM-OPVs exhibited high external quantum efficiency and large parasitic shunt resistances, leading to improved fill factor and PCE values. Thus, the study's MOM electrode provides excellent feasibility for realizing colorful and efficient indoor OPVs for IoT applications.

Energy recycling under ambient illumination for internet-of-things using metal/oxide/metal-based colorful organic photovoltaics

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under direct sunlight irradiation using SnO2 nanoparticles

With the aim of decreasing the number of experiments to obtain a perovskite solar cell (PSC) with maximum theoretical efficiency, in this paper, PSC performance was studied using the program solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D). The PSC with the architecture ITO/TiO2/perovskite/spiro-MeOTAD/Au was investigated, while the selected perovskite was mixed cation Rb0.05Cs0.1FA0.85PbI3. The analysis was based on an experimentally prepared solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of ~7%. The PSC performance, verified by short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE), was studied by optimization of the simulation parameters responsible for improvement of the cell operation. The optimized parameters were absorber layer thickness, doping, defect concentration and the influence of the resistivity (the net effect of ohmic loss, Rs and the leakage current loss represented by the resistivity, Rshunt). The results of SCAPS-1D simulations estimated the theoretical power conversion efficiency of 15% for our material. We have showed that the main contribution to improvement of solar cell efficiency comes with lowering ohmic resistivity of the cell as well as doping and defect concentration, because their concentration is proportional to recombination rate.

Simulating the Performance of a Formamidinium Based Mixed Cation Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cell

Indoor organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are currently being investigated for small-scale energy generation from artificial light sources to power small electronic devices. Despite recent progress in increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of indoor OPVs, the widespread use of expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent conducting electrode (TCE) leads to long energy payback times. This study provides a novel and comprehensive description of low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD)-processed indium-free tin dioxide (SnO2) films as inexpensive and efficient TCEs for indoor OPVs. These highly conformal and defect-free ALD-fabricated SnO2 films are applied to a poly(3-hexylthiophene):indene-C60 bisadduct-based OPV system. Under 1 sun illumination, an OPV with an SnO2 TCE exhibits limited operational capacity because of the high sheet resistance (~98 Ω sq−1) of the SnO2 layers. However, under a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp with a luminance of 1000 lx, the series resistance, which is related to the sheet resistance, has a marginal effect on the performance of the indoor OPV system, showing a PCE of 14.6 ± 0.3%. A reference OPV with an ITO TCE has a slightly lower PCE of 13.3 ± 0.8% under the same LED conditions. These results suggest that SnO2 TCEs can be efficient and cost-effective replacements for ITO TCEs in indoor OPV systems. Indium-free un-doped tin dioxide (SnO2) serves as a transparent conducting electrode for indoor organic photovoltaics (OPVs). SnO2 OPV systems demonstrate superior indoor performance compared with indium tin oxide (ITO)-based systems. SnO2-based OPV systems shows 14.6% efficiency under 1000 lx of LED illumination. Low-cost SnO2 can be a promising substitute for expensive ITOs in indoor OPV systems.

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Undoped tin dioxide transparent electrodes for efficient and cost-effective indoor organic photovoltaics (SnO2 electrode for indoor organic photovoltaics)

Jin Seong Park

Papers

Undoped tin dioxide transparent electrodes for efficient and cost-effective indoor organic photovoltaics (SnO2 electrode for indoor organic photovoltaics)