The emergence of semiconductor nanocrystals as the building blocks of nanotechnology has opened up new ways to utilize them in next generation solar cells. This paper focuses on the recent developments in the utilization of semiconductor quantum dots for light energy conversion. Three major ways to utilize semiconductor dots in solar cell include (i) metal−semiconductor or Schottky junction photovoltaic cell (ii) polymer−semiconductor hybrid solar cell, and (iii) quantum dot sensitized solar cell. Modulation of band energies through size control offers new ways to control photoresponse and photoconversion efficiency of the solar cell. Various strategies to maximize photoinduced charge separation and electron transfer processes for improving the overall efficiency of light energy conversion are discussed. Capture and transport of charge carriers within the semiconductor nanocrystal network to achieve efficient charge separation at the electrode surface remains a major challenge. Directing the future resear...

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Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters

The increasing energy demand in the near future will force us to seek environmentally clean alternative energy resources. The emergence of nanomaterials as the new building blocks to construct light energy harvesting assemblies has opened up new ways to utilize renewable energy sources. This article discusses three major ways to utilize nanostructures for the design of solar energy conversion devices:  (i) Mimicking photosynthesis with donor−acceptor molecular assemblies or clusters, (ii) semiconductor assisted photocatalysis to produce fuels such as hydrogen, and (iii) nanostructure semiconductor based solar cells. This account further highlights some of the recent developments in these areas and points out the factors that limit the efficiency optimization. Strategies to employ ordered assemblies of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles, inorganic-organic hybrid assemblies, and carbon nanostructures in the energy conversion schemes are also discussed. Directing the future research efforts toward utiliza...

Meeting the Clean Energy Demand: Nanostructure Architectures for Solar Energy Conversion

The remarkable achievement by Fujishima and Honda (1972) in the photo-electrochemical water splitting results in the extensive use of TiO 2 nanomaterials for environmental purification and energy storage/conversion applications. Though there are many advantages for the TiO 2 compared to other semiconductor photocatalysts, its band gap of 3.2 eV restrains application to the UV-region of the electromagnetic spectrum ( λ  ≤ 387.5 nm). As a result, development of visible-light active titanium dioxide is one of the key challenges in the field of semiconductor photocatalysis. In this review, advances in the strategies for the visible light activation, origin of visible-light activity, and electronic structure of various visible-light active TiO 2 photocatalysts are discussed in detail. It has also been shown that if appropriate models are used, the theoretical insights can successfully be employed to develop novel catalysts to enhance the photocatalytic performance in the visible region. Recent developments in theory and experiments in visible-light induced water splitting, degradation of environmental pollutants, water and air purification and antibacterial applications are also reviewed. Various strategies to identify appropriate dopants for improved visible-light absorption and electron–hole separation to enhance the photocatalytic activity are discussed in detail, and a number of recommendations are also presented.

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Visible-light activation of TiO2 photocatalysts: Advances in theory and experiments

TiO2 nanotube arrays and particulate films are modified with CdS quantum dots with an aim to tune the response of the photoelectrochemical cell in the visible region. The method of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction facilitates size control of CdS quantum dots. These CdS nanocrystals, upon excitation with visible light, inject electrons into the TiO2 nanotubes and particles and thus enable their use as photosensitive electrodes. Maximum incident photon to charge carrier efficiency (IPCE) values of 55% and 26% are observed for CdS sensitized TiO2 nanotube and nanoparticulate architectures respectively. The nearly doubling of IPCE observed with the TiO2 nanotube architecture is attributed to the increased efficiency of charge separation and transport of electrons.

Photosensitization of TiO2 Nanostructures with CdS Quantum Dots: Particulate versus Tubular Support Architectures

3.1. Fundamental Characterization 6672 3.2. Photocurrent Action Spectroscopy 6673 3.3. Optical Characterization 6673 3.4. Characterization of Electron Transfer 6673 4. Electron Transport in Metal Oxide Films 6674 4.1. Mechanism of Photoinduced Carrier Transport 6674 4.2. Characterization of Diffusion Length 6675 4.3. One-Dimensional (1-D) Transport Architectures 6675 4.4. Electrolyte Interactions 6676 5. Recent Trends in Liquid-Junction Solar Cells 6676 5.1. Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 6677 5.2. Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells 6678 5.3. Carbon Nanostructure Based Photochemical Solar Cells 6679

Beyond Photovoltaics: Semiconductor Nanoarchitectures for Liquid-Junction Solar Cells

Sensitization of nanocrystalline tio2 electrode with quantum sized cdse and zntcpc molecules

The photovoltaic study of co-sensitized microporous TiO2 electrode with porphyrin and phthalocyanine molecules

The nanocrystalline TiO2 film is modified simultaneously with porphyrin dye molecules and phthalocyanine dye molecules by chemical adsorption. Since porphyrin and phthalocyanine dye have different absorption character in the visible range, the TiO2 electrode sensitized by a combination of porphyrin and phthalocyanine dye molecules not only obtains a better spectral match to the solar spectrum, but also the photoresponse of the electrode is extended to cover most of the visible range. This kind of electrode exhibits a significant improvement of energy conversion efficiency.

Photovoltaic study of nanocrystalline TiO2 film modified with dye molecules

Quantum-sized cadmium sulfide (CdS) particles have been deposited onto
the surface of a microporous titanium dioxide (TiO
 2
) electrode
by the chemical growth method, followed by modification with gallium
tetrasulfophthalocyanine (GaTSPc) molecules to prepare a co-modified
TiO
 2
 electrode. Low bandgap semiconductor CdS particles and
GaTSPc have different spectral ranges in the visible range. The
co-modified TiO
 2
 electrode effectively absorbed visible light.
Experimental results showed that the sensitization of the TiO
 2

electrode with CdS and GaTSPc extended the optical absorption spectrum and
photocurrent action spectrum into a wider visible range; moreover, the
CdS/TiO
 2
 coupled structure facilitated the
photon-to-photocurrent conversion efficiency.

Jingwen Wu

Papers

Sensitization of nanocrystalline tio2 electrode with quantum sized cdse and zntcpc molecules

The photovoltaic study of co-sensitized microporous TiO2 electrode with porphyrin and phthalocyanine molecules

Photovoltaic study of nanocrystalline TiO2 film modified with dye molecules

Fabrication, characterization and photovoltaic study of a GaTSPc-CdS/TiO2 particulate film