The bioactive and anti-bacterial Cu-based bioceramic TiO2 coatings have been fabricated on cp-Ti (Grade 2) by two-steps. These two-steps combine micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and physical vapor deposition–thermal evaporation (PVD-TE) techniques for dental implant applications. As a first step, all surfaces of cp-Ti substrate were coated by MAO technique in an alkaline electrolyte, consisting of Na3PO4 and KOH in de-ionized water. Then, as a second step, a copper (Cu) nano-layer with 5 nm thickness was deposited on the MAO by PVD-TE technique. Phase structure, morphology, elemental amounts, thickness, roughness and wettability of the MAO and Cu-based MAO coating surfaces were characterized by XRD (powder- and TF-XRD), SEM, EDS, eddy current device, surface profilometer and contact angle goniometer, respectively. The powder- and TF-XRD spectral analyses showed that Ti, TiO2, anatase-TiO2 and rutile-TiO2 existed on the MAO and Cu-based MAO coatings’ surfaces. All coatings’ surfaces were porous and rough, owing to the presence of micro sparks through MAO. Furthermore, the surface morphology of Cu-based MAO was not changed. Also, the Cu-based MAO coating has more hydrophilic properties than the MAO coating. In vitro bioactivity and in vitro antibacterial properties of the coatings have been investigated by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 36.5 °C for 28 days and bacterial adhesion for gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria, respectively. The apatite layer was formed on the MAO and Cu-based MAO surfaces at post-immersion in SBF and therefore, the bioactivity of Cu-based MAO surface was increased to the MAO surface. Also, for S. aureus and E. coli, the antibacterial properties of Cu-based MAO coatings were significantly improved compared to one of the uncoated MAO surfaces. These results suggested that Cu-based MAO coatings on cp-Ti could be a promising candidate for biomedical dental implant applications.

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Characterization, Bioactivity and Antibacterial Properties of Copper-Based TiO2 Bioceramic Coatings Fabricated on Titanium

Depending on the requirements of specific applications, implanted materials including metals, ceramics, and polymers have been used in various disciplines of medicine. Titanium and its alloys as implant materials play a critical role in the orthopedic and dental procedures. However, they still require the utilization of surface modification technologies to not only achieve the robust osteointegration but also to increase the antibacterial properties, which can avoid the implant-related infections. This article aims to provide a summary of the latest advances in surface modification techniques, of titanium and its alloys, specifically in biomedical applications. These surface techniques include plasma spray, physical vapor deposition, sol-gel, micro-arc oxidation, etc. Moreover, the microstructure evolution is comprehensively discussed, which is followed by enhanced mechanical properties, osseointegration, antibacterial properties, and clinical outcomes. Future researches should focus on the combination of multiple methods or improving the structure and composition of the composite coating to further enhance the coating performance.

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Jingwu Lei

Papers

Formation and in vitro/in vivo performance of "cortex-like" micro/nano-structured TiO 2 coatings on titanium by micro-arc oxidation