B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

On the comparison of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate laws in the modeling of adsorption kinetics

https://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/81757/1/Palansooriya_Soil_Amendments_Immobilization.pdf

Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review.

Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, and their remarkable increases in agricultural products have been reported. The increase in the world's population in the 20th century could not have been possible without a parallel increase in food production. About one-third of agricultural products are produced depending on the application of pesticides. Without the use of pesticides, there would be a 78% loss of fruit production, a 54% loss of vegetable production, and a 32% loss of cereal production. Therefore, pesticides play a critical role in reducing diseases and increasing crop yields worldwide. Thus, it is essential to discuss the agricultural development process; the historical perspective, types and specific uses of pesticides; and pesticide behavior, its contamination, and adverse effects on the natural environment. The review study indicates that agricultural development has a long history in many places around the world. The history of pesticide use can be divided into three periods of time. Pesticides are classified by different classification terms such as chemical classes, functional groups, modes of action, and toxicity. Pesticides are used to kill pests and control weeds using chemical ingredients; hence, they can also be toxic to other organisms, including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants, as well as air, water, soil, and crops. Moreover, pesticide contamination moves away from the target plants, resulting in environmental pollution. Such chemical residues impact human health through environmental and food contamination. In addition, climate change-related factors also impact on pesticide application and result in increased pesticide usage and pesticide pollution. Therefore, this review will provide the scientific information necessary for pesticide application and management in the future.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1112/pdf

Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment.

Biochar application for the remediation of heavy metal polluted land: A review of in situ field trials

Effects of chemical oxidation on surface oxygen-containing functional groups and adsorption behavior of biochar.

Continuous immobilization of cadmium and lead in biochar amended contaminated paddy soil: A five-year field experiment

A field study involving wheat production was extended in order to study the effects of biochar (BC) amendment in paddy soil that had long-term contamination of Cd. The BC was used as an amendment in Cd-contaminated soil for its special property. BC was amended at rates of 10 to 40 t ha-1 during the rice season before rice transplantation in 2009. BC amendments increased soil pH by 0.11 to 0.24 and by 0.09 to 0.24 units, respectively, while the soil CaCl2-extracted Cd was reduced by 10.1% to 40.2% and by 10.0% to 57.0% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Consequently, the total wheat Cd uptake was decreased by 16.8% to 37.3% and by 6.5% to 28.3%. Wheat grain Cd concentration was reduced by 24.8% to 44.2% and by 14.0% to 39.2% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The BC application in soil reduced Cd phyto-availability in two wheat seasons possibly by raising soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC). Therefore, BC may be used for soil remediation, but not to reduce Cd uptake to an adequate level for food production on Cd contaminated soils.

https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/download/BioRes_07_4_5666_Cui_Reduction_Wheat_CD_Uptake/1817

THE REDUCTION OF WHEAT Cd UPTAKE IN CONTAMINATED SOIL VIA BIOCHAR AMENDMENT: A TWO-YEAR FIELD EXPERIMENT

Biochar (BC) amendments might decrease the bioavailability of metals in soils that are contaminated with heavy metals. In general, soil microbial communities are sensitive to changes in soil property changes. Microbial communities were tested in a Cd- and Pb-polluted paddy field in southern China. BC was applied as a basal soil amendment before rice transplantation in 2009. The BC was applied at rates of 0, 10, 20, and 40 tons per hectare. Soil heavy metal fractions with sequential extraction procedure, soil microorganisms, and enzymes were monitored in 2011. The soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC) were significantly increased by 2% to 5% and 16% to 51% under BC amendment, respectively. Compared to the non-BC treatment, the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) acid-soluble fraction concentrations were significantly decreased by 15.3% to 26.7% and 18.2% to 30.9%. The Cd and Pb reducible fraction were decreased by 13.5% to 25.6% and 21.9% to 23.53%.The Cd and Pb oxidizable fraction by 15.4% to 69.2% and 22.7% to 29.3% with BC application, respectively. The populations of actinomycetes and fungi were increased by 19.0% to 38.5% and 3.7 to 9.3 times, respectively. Meanwhile, BC significantly increased the cellulose, urine enzyme, neutral phosphatase, and sucrase activities by 117.4% to 178.3%, 31.1% to 37.6%, 29.7% to 193.8%, and 36.5% to 328.6%, respectively. BC amendment offers a basic option to reduce Cd and Pb bioavailability and change the fractions. The BC also increases microorganism quantity and soil enzyme activity.

https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/download/BioRes_08_4_5536_Cui_Influence_Biochar_Microbial_Activities/2351

Influence of Biochar on Microbial Activities of Heavy Metals Contaminated Paddy Fields

Biochar from peanut shell was used as the precursor for the preparation of porous biochar by KOH activation. The pore structures of porous biochar also were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N2 adsorption/desorption. The adsorption performance for the removal of methylene blue (MB) was deeply investigated. The effects of impregnation ratio (KOH/biochar: w/w), activation temperature, and activation time on the removal of methylene blue by porous biochar were evaluated. In addition, the effects of initial MB concentration and pH value on the adsorption process were also studied. The optimum conditions for preparing porous biochar were obtained with 1.5:1 of impregnation ratio, 800 °C of activation temperature, and 90 min of the holding time in activation. Results indicated that the adsorption capacity was high even at higher initial MB concentrations. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The experimental adsorption isotherm was found to be best fitted with the Langmuir model, which implying that the adsorption of MB by porous biochar proceeded as a monolayer adsorption, and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 208 mg∙g-1.

https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/download/BioRes_10_2_2836_Han_Methylene_Blue_Removal_Biochar/3450

Jinlong Yan

Papers

Effects of chemical oxidation on surface oxygen-containing functional groups and adsorption behavior of biochar.

Continuous immobilization of cadmium and lead in biochar amended contaminated paddy soil: A five-year field experiment

THE REDUCTION OF WHEAT Cd UPTAKE IN CONTAMINATED SOIL VIA BIOCHAR AMENDMENT: A TWO-YEAR FIELD EXPERIMENT

Influence of Biochar on Microbial Activities of Heavy Metals Contaminated Paddy Fields

Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution using Porous Biochar Obtained by KOH Activation of Peanut Shell Biochar