A system and method of detecting an aberrant message is provided. An ordered set of words within the message is detected. The set of words found within the message is linked to a corresponding set of expected words, the set of expected words having semantic attributes. A set of grammatical structures represented in the message is detected, based on the ordered set of words and the semantic attributes of the corresponding set of expected words. A cognitive noise vector comprising a quantitative measure of a deviation between grammatical structures represented in the message and an expected measure of grammatical structures for a message of the type is then determined. The cognitive noise vector may be processed by higher levels of the neural network and/or an external processor.

Intelligent control with hierarchical stacked neural networks

The power consumption of microprocessors is increasing at an alarming rate leading to 2X reduction in the power distribution impedance for every product generation. In the last decade, high I/O ball grid array (BGA) packages have replaced quad flat pack (QFP) packages for lowering the inductance. Similarly, multilayered printed circuit boards loaded with decoupling capacitors are being used to meet the target impedance. With the trend toward system-on-package (SOP) architectures, the power distribution needs can only increase, further reducing the target impedance and increasing the isolation characteristics required. This paper provides an overview on the design of power distribution networks for digital and mixed-signal systems with emphasis on design tools, decoupling, measurements, and emerging technologies.

/pdf/power-distribution-networks-for-system-on-package-status-and-1c8twmlkgs.pdf

Power distribution networks for system-on-package: status and challenges

With the advancements in wind turbine technologies, the cost of wind energy has become competitive with other fuel-based generation resources. Due to the price hike of fossil fuel and the concern of global warming, the development of wind power has rapidly progressed over the last decade. The annual growth rate has exceeded 26% since the 1990s. Many countries have set a goal for high penetration levels of wind generation. Recently, several large-scale wind generation projects have been implemented all over the world. It is economically beneficial to integrate very large amounts of wind capacity in power systems. Unlike other traditional generation facilities, using wind turbines presents technical challenges in producing continuous and controllable electric power. A distinct feature of wind energy is its nature of being ldquointermittent.rdquo Since it is difficult to predict and control the output of wind generation, its potential impacts on the electric grid are different from the traditional energy sources. At a high penetration level, an extrafast response reserve capacity is needed to cover the shortfall of generation when a sudden deficit of wind takes place. To enable a proper management of the uncertainty, this paper presents an approach to make wind power become a more reliable source on both energy and capacity by using energy storage devices. Combining the wind power generation system with energy storage will reduce fluctuation of wind power. Since it requires capital investment for the storage system, it is important to estimate the reasonable storage capacities for the desired applications. In addition, an energy storage application for reducing the output variation during the gust wind is also studied.

Combining the Wind Power Generation System With Energy Storage Equipment

Planar circuits for microwaves and lightwaves

Printed circuit board

A novel electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure called alternating impedance EBG (AI-EBG) for isolation in mixed-signal systems is proposed. Currently, split planes are usually used for isolation in mixed-signal systems. However, split planes show a poor isolation at high frequencies due to electromagnetic coupling through a gap. This novel EBG structure shows excellent isolation by suppressing almost all possible electromagnetic modes in stopband frequencies. The S-parameter measurements show that this novel EBG structure could suppress noise coupling between RF/analog circuits and digital circuits, especially where a single common power supply is used. Mixed-signal system simulations with and without this novel EBG structure were performed to see improvement of isolation due to this novel EBG structure.

A novel electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure for mixed-signal system applications

As the operating frequency of digital systems increases and voltage swing decreases, it becomes very important to characterize and analyze power distribution networks (PDNs) accurately. This paper presents the modeling, simulation, and characterization of the PDN in a high-speed printed circuit board (PCB) designed for chip-to-chip communication at a data rate of 3.2 Gbps. The test board consists of transmitter and receiver chips wirebonded onto plastic ball grid array (PGBA) packages on a PCB. In this paper, a hybrid method has been applied for analysis, which consists of the transmission matrix method (TMM) in the frequency domain and macromodeling method in the time domain. As an initial step, power/ground planes have been modeled using TMM. Then, the macromodel of the power/ground planes has been generated at the desired ports using macromodeling. Finally, the macromodel of the planes, transmission lines, and nonlinear drivers have been simulated in standard SPICE-based circuit simulators for computing power supply noise. In addition to noise computation, the self and transfer impedances of power/ground planes have been computed and the effect of decoupling capacitors on power supply noise has been analyzed. The methods discussed have been validated using hardware measurements.

Modeling and analysis of power distribution networks for Gigabit applications

Alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structures, systems incorporating AI-EBG structures, and methods of making AI-EBG structures, are disclosed.

Mixed-signal systems with alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structures for noise suppression/isolation

This paper presents efficient noise isolation and suppression method in mixed-signal systems using alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structure-based power distribution network (PDN). Currently, split planes are used for isolation in mixed-signal systems for isolating sensitive RF/analog circuits from noisy digital circuits. However, split planes show good isolation only at low frequencies due to electromagnetic coupling through the gap. The AI-EBG structure-based PDN presented in this paper provides excellent isolation (-80 dB ~ -100 dB) in the frequency range of interest by suppressing almost all possible electromagnetic modes. The AI-EBG structure has been integrated into a mixed-signal test vehicle to demonstrate the isolation level achievable. The ability of the AI-EBG structure to suppress switching noise has been quantified in this paper. The AI-EBG structure provided greater than 100 dB of isolation in passive S-parameter measurement and suppressed in-band noise down to -88 dBm of isolation in a functional test.

Noise Isolation in Mixed-Signal Systems Using Alternating Impedance Electromagnetic Bandgap (AI-EBG) Structure-Based Power Distribution Network (PDN)

Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures, systems incorporating EBG structures, and methods of making EBG structures, are disclosed. An embodiment of the structure, among others, includes a plurality of first elements disposed on a first plane of a device; and a second element connecting each first element to an adjacent first element, the second element being disposed on the first plane of the device. The structure is configured to substantially filter electromagnetic waves to a stopband floor of about −40 dB to about −120 dB in a bandgap of about 100 MHz to about 50 GHz having a width selected from about 1 GHz, 2 GHz, 3 GHz, 5 GHz, 10 GHz, 20 GHz, and 30 GHz. In addition, the structure has a center frequency positioned at a frequency from about 1 GHz to 37 GHz.

Jinwoo Choi

Papers

A novel electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure for mixed-signal system applications

Modeling and analysis of power distribution networks for Gigabit applications

Mixed-signal systems with alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structures for noise suppression/isolation

Noise Isolation in Mixed-Signal Systems Using Alternating Impedance Electromagnetic Bandgap (AI-EBG) Structure-Based Power Distribution Network (PDN)

Electromagnetic bandgap structure for isolation in mixed-signal systems