Detection of chemical and biological agents plays a fundamental role in biomedical, forensic and environmental sciences1–4 as well as in anti bioterrorism applications.5–7 The development of highly sensitive, cost effective, miniature sensors is therefore in high demand which requires advanced technology coupled with fundamental knowledge in chemistry, biology and material sciences.8–13

In general, sensors feature two functional components: a recognition element to provide selective/specific binding with the target analytes and a transducer component for signaling the binding event. An efficient sensor relies heavily on these two essential components for the recognition process in terms of response time, signal to noise (S/N) ratio, selectivity and limits of detection (LOD).14,15 Therefore, designing sensors with higher efficacy depends on the development of novel materials to improve both the recognition and transduction processes. Nanomaterials feature unique physicochemical properties that can be of great utility in creating new recognition and transduction processes for chemical and biological sensors15–27 as well as improving the S/N ratio by miniaturization of the sensor elements.28

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess distinct physical and chemical attributes that make them excellent scaffolds for the fabrication of novel chemical and biological sensors (Figure 1).29–36 First, AuNPs can be synthesized in a straightforward manner and can be made highly stable. Second, they possess unique optoelectronic properties. Third, they provide high surface-to-volume ratio with excellent biocompatibility using appropriate ligands.30 Fourth, these properties of AuNPs can be readily tuned varying their size, shape and the surrounding chemical environment. For example, the binding event between recognition element and the analyte can alter physicochemical properties of transducer AuNPs, such as plasmon resonance absorption, conductivity, redox behavior, etc. that in turn can generate a detectable response signal. Finally, AuNPs offer a suitable platform for multi-functionalization with a wide range of organic or biological ligands for the selective binding and detection of small molecules and biological targets.30–32,36 Each of these attributes of AuNPs has allowed researchers to develop novel sensing strategies with improved sensitivity, stability and selectivity. In the last decade of research, the advent of AuNP as a sensory element provided us a broad spectrum of innovative approaches for the detection of metal ions, small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, malignant cells, etc. in a rapid and efficient manner.37



Figure 1

Physical properties of AuNPs and schematic illustration of an AuNP-based detection system.



In this current review, we have highlighted the several synthetic routes and properties of AuNPs that make them excellent probes for different sensing strategies. Furthermore, we will discuss various sensing strategies and major advances in the last two decades of research utilizing AuNPs in the detection of variety of target analytes including metal ions, organic molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and microorganisms.

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Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing.

基礎講座 電気泳動(Electrophoresis)

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: a review.

An overview is presented of the current state-of-the-art in silicon nanophotonic ring resonators. Basic theory of ring resonators is discussed, and applied to the peculiarities of submicron silicon photonic wire waveguides: the small dimensions and tight bend radii, sensitivity to perturbations and the boundary conditions of the fabrication processes. Theory is compared to quantitative measurements. Finally, several of the more promising applications of silicon ring resonators are discussed: filters and optical delay lines, label-free biosensors, and active rings for efficient modulators and even light sources.

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Silicon microring resonators

5.1. Detection Formats 475 5.2. Food Quality and Safety Analysis 477 5.2.1. Pathogens 477 5.2.2. Toxins 479 5.2.3. Veterinary Drugs 479 5.2.4. Vitamins 480 5.2.5. Hormones 480 5.2.6. Diagnostic Antibodies 480 5.2.7. Allergens 481 5.2.8. Proteins 481 5.2.9. Chemical Contaminants 481 5.3. Medical Diagnostics 481 5.3.1. Cancer Markers 481 5.3.2. Antibodies against Viral Pathogens 482 5.3.3. Drugs and Drug-Induced Antibodies 483 5.3.4. Hormones 483 5.3.5. Allergy Markers 483 5.3.6. Heart Attack Markers 484 5.3.7. Other Molecular Biomarkers 484 5.4. Environmental Monitoring 484 5.4.1. Pesticides 484 5.4.2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 485 5.4.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 485 5.4.4. Heavy Metals 485 5.4.5. Phenols 485 5.4.6. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 487 5.4.7. Dioxins 487 5.5. Summary 488 6. Conclusions 489 7. Abbreviations 489 8. Acknowledgment 489 9. References 489

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

J Kabiljo*, J Homola, A Theophil, J Karall, N Hartman, L Tran, J Laengle, M Fabits, VS Atanasova, G Egger, H Dolznig, M Bergamnn. Medical University of Vienna, Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Vienna, Austria

/pdf/p09-19-complex-primary-organoid-cultures-to-dissect-jmbxjlkk.pdf

P09.19 Complex primary organoid cultures to dissect immunogenic effects of therapy on macrophages in a precision medicine-like approach

recent years, however, details about single-TCR-determinants for successful therapeutic administration remain to be understood. Materials and Methods In this study, we combined high-resolution assessment of neoTCR-activation signatures with detailed in vitro and in vivo characterization of these TCRs. Single-cell TCRand RNA-sequencing were performed from neoepitopespecifically stimulated, CD137-enriched peripheral-blood derived CD8 T cells of a metastasized melanoma patient with previously determined reactivity against MS-validated neoantigens. Ex vivo-restimulation prior to analysis enabled the comparison of transcriptomic signatures of activated neoTCR-T cells. In a second step, these neoTCRs were employed for generation of transgenic TCR-T cells from healthy donors for detailed in vitro and in vivo fine-characterization. Results Beyond confirmation of all previously known neoTCRs, this approach identified two additional clonotypes targeting KIF2C in the patient. Transcriptomic comparison of all activated neoTCR-T cells revealed a spectrum of qualitatively distinct signatures with unexpectedly high heterogeneity even between TCRs sharing MHC-peptide specificity. Employing neoTCR-transgenic T cells, the TCR-intrinsic character of these differences could at least partly be illustrated. Compared to a stronger, burst-like activation pattern requiring strong negative counter-regulation, more moderate stimulation resulted in stable cytotoxicity and coincided with higher frequencies in the patient. In an in vivo xenograft model comparing rejection kinetics of different TCRs upon tumor rechallenge, TCR activity with moderate stimulation strength was associated with superior, sustained tumor control. Conclusions By single cell-sequencing of specifically expanded, enriched and restimulated CD8 T cells novel neoTCRs were identified. Together with detailed characterization of TCRtransgenic T cells, we describe a spectrum of qualitatively heterogeneous activation signatures within the neoTCR repertoire of one melanoma patient. Within this spectrum, moderate stimulation was associated with superior in vivo functionality. Altogether, our study provides a sensitive method for detection of neoTCRs and moreover profiling of their activation signatures. Those patterns provide valuable insights for engineering TCR-transgenic T cells for therapeutic application.

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Jirri Homola

Papers

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

P09.19 Complex primary organoid cultures to dissect immunogenic effects of therapy on macrophages in a precision medicine-like approach

P09.18 TNF induction in essential for oncolytic influenza A virus induced cancer regression and tumor associated macrophage repolarization