Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

http://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/146/7/506/24126715/milmed-146-7-506.pdf

Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

Disorders characterized by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, continue to be among the most frequent causes of debilitating disease and death. Tissue injury and/or death occur as a result of the initial ischemic insult, which is determined primarily by the magnitude and duration of the interruption in the blood supply, and then subsequent damage induced by reperfusion. During prolonged ischemia, ATP levels and intracellular pH decrease as a result of anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation. As a consequence, ATPase-dependent ion transport mechanisms become dysfunctional, contributing to increased intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels (calcium overload), cell swelling and rupture, and cell death by necrotic, necroptotic, apoptotic, and autophagic mechanisms. Although oxygen levels are restored upon reperfusion, a surge in the generation of reactive oxygen species occurs and proinflammatory neutrophils infiltrate ischemic tissues to exacerbate ischemic injury. The pathologic events induced by I/R orchestrate the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which appears to represent a common end-effector of the pathologic events initiated by I/R. The aim of this treatise is to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying the development of I/R injury, from which it should be apparent that a combination of molecular and cellular approaches targeting multiple pathologic processes to limit the extent of I/R injury must be adopted to enhance resistance to cell death and increase regenerative capacity in order to effect long-lasting repair of ischemic tissues.

/pdf/cell-biology-of-ischemia-reperfusion-injury-1rdtb8k8os.pdf

Cell Biology of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Phenolic compounds constitute a group of secondary metabolites which have important functions in plants. Besides the beneficial effects on the plant host, phenolic metabolites (polyphenols) exhibit a series of biological properties that influence the human in a health-promoting manner. Evidence suggests that people can benefit from plant phenolics obtained either by the diet or through skin application, because they can alleviate symptoms and inhibit the development of various skin disorders. Due to their natural origin and low toxicity, phenolic compounds are a promising tool in eliminating the causes and effects of skin aging, skin diseases, and skin damage, including wounds and burns. Polyphenols also act protectively and help prevent or attenuate the progression of certain skin disorders, both embarrassing minor problems (e.g., wrinkles, acne) or serious, potentially life-threatening diseases such as cancer. This paper reviews the latest reports on the potential therapy of skin disorders through treatment with phenolic compounds, considering mostly a single specific compound or a combination of compounds in a plant extract.

The Potential of Plant Phenolics in Prevention and Therapy of Skin Disorders

The incidence rate of AKI in hospitalized patients is increasing. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the association of AKI with long-term risk of adverse coronary events. Our study investigated hospitalized patients who recovered from de novo dialysis-requiring AKI between 1999 and 2008 using patient data collected from inpatient claims from Taiwan National Health Insurance. We used Cox regression with time-varying covariates to adjust for subsequent CKD and ESRD after discharge. Results were further validated by analysis of a prospectively constructed database. Among 17,106 acute dialysis patients who were discharged, 4869 patients recovered from dialysis-requiring AKI (AKI recovery group) and were matched with 4869 patients without AKI (non-AKI group). The incidence rates of coronary events were 19.8 and 10.3 per 1000 person-years in the AKI recovery and non-AKI groups, respectively. AKI recovery associated with higher risk of coronary events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.36 to 2.04) and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.57 to 1.79) independent of the effects of subsequent progression to CKD and ESRD. The risk levels of de novo coronary events after hospital discharge were similar in patients with diabetes alone and patients with AKI alone (P=0.23). Our results reveal that AKI with recovery associated with higher long-term risks of coronary events and death in this cohort, suggesting that AKI may identify patients with high risk of future coronary events. Enhanced postdischarge follow-up of renal function of patients who have recovered from temporary dialysis may be warranted.

Long-Term Risk of Coronary Events after AKI

Sitagliptin protects renal ischemia reperfusion induced renal damage in diabetes

Background/Aim: This study was designed to investigate the possible effect of exenatide (Glucagon like Peptide-1 receptor agonist) on liver injury (distant organ) induced by renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In vivo renal IR was performed in both type 2 diabetic and normal rats. Each protocol comprised ischemia for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 24 hours and a treatment period of 14 days before induction of ischemia. Results: Lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase activity, myeloperoxidase activity and nitric oxide level in liver tissue were significantly increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, respectively), after IR in diabetic rats compared to normal rats. Antioxidant enzymes like glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively), after IR in diabetic rats compared to normal rats. Exenatide treatment significantly normalized (P < 0.01), these biochemical parameters in treated rats compared to diabetic IR rats. Serum creatinine phosphokinase activity and liver function enzymes were also significantly normalized (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively), after administration of exenatide. Conclusion: Exenatide exerted protective effect on exaggerated remote organ (liver) injury induced by renal IR in diabetes.

Exaggerated liver injury induced by renal ischemia reperfusion in diabetes: effect of exenatide.

Background: Traditionally the aqueous and alcoholic extracts as well as seed oil of Ocimum sanctum is reported to modulate the immune response. So the present study was undertaken to compare the immunomodulatory activity between alcoholic and aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum. Objective: To comparatively evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum. Methods: Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum were administered orally at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day for 14 days to healthy albino Swiss mice. The assessment of immunomodulatory activity was carried by testing the humoral (haemagglutination antibody titer model) and cellular immunity (delayed type hypersensitivity reaction models). Results: On oral administration of aqueous and alcoholic extracts had stimulatory effect on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and significantly (p<0.01) improved humoral immunity. Conclusion: The study shown stimulatory effect on the humoral and delayed type hypersensitivity but the alcoholic extract was more potent in producing immune stimulation than aqueous extract.

http://www.kejapub.com/ijpbr/docs/IJPBR10-01-01-05.pdf

Comparative evaluation of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of ocimum sanctum for immunomodulatory activity

Introduction. Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species play a role in the pathophysiology of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study was designed to investigate the renoprotective activity of methanolic fruit extract of Benincasa cerifera in I/Rinduced kidney failure in rats. Materials and Methods. Renal pedicles of 12 rats were occluded for 60 minutes followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Six days prior to induction of I/R, 6 of the rats received Benincasa cerifera, 500 mg/kg, orally. Serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels were measured after the operation. At the end of reperfusion period, the rats were sacrificed. Superoxide dismutage, catalase, reduced glutathione, and renal malondialdehyde content were determined in the renal tissues. Results were compared with a group of rats with sham operation. Results. Renal I/R caused significant impairment of kidney function. Six-day administration of Benincasa cerifera, however, minimized this effect. Rats with renal I/R only showed significantly decreased activity of superoxide dismutage, catalase, and reduced glutathione compared with the sham-operated rats. These declining trends were significantly less in the group treated with Benincasa cerifera compared with those in the I/R-only group (P = .008, P = .07, and P < .001, respectively). Renal I/R produced a significant increase in malondialdehyde level, while pretreatment with Benincasa cerifera was associated with a significantly lower malondialdehyde level (P < .001). Conclusions. These findings imply that reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in I/R-induced kidney injury and Benincasa cerifera exerts renoprotective activity probably by the radical scavenging activity.

http://www.ijkd.org/index.php/ijkd/article/viewFile/111/94

Renoprotective activity of benincasa cerifera fruit extract on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal damage in rat

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a plant lignan mainly found in dietary food and various plants. It belongs to a bioactive polyphenolic chemical class. SDG and its metabolites (mammalian enterolignan) are having various pharmacological activities, viz., antioxidant, partial agonist to estrogen receptor and inhibitor of tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase. Although, human studies are limited, its pharmacological actions explain its use in diabetes, atherosclerosis, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and in cardiovascular disease.

Jitendra Vaghasiya

Papers

Sitagliptin protects renal ischemia reperfusion induced renal damage in diabetes

Exaggerated liver injury induced by renal ischemia reperfusion in diabetes: effect of exenatide.

Comparative evaluation of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of ocimum sanctum for immunomodulatory activity

Renoprotective activity of benincasa cerifera fruit extract on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal damage in rat

Therapeutic potential of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: a plant lignan