The Pythia program can be used to generate high-energy-physics ''events'', i.e. sets of outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. The objective is to provide as accurate as possible a representation of event properties in a wide range of reactions, within and beyond the Standard Model, with emphasis on those where strong interactions play a role, directly or indirectly, and therefore multihadronic final states are produced. The physics is then not understood well enough to give an exact description; instead the program has to be based on a combination of analytical results and various QCD-based models. This physics input is summarized here, for areas such as hard subprocesses, initial- and final-state parton showers, underlying events and beam remnants, fragmentation and decays, and much more. Furthermore, extensive information is provided on all program elements: subroutines and functions, switches and parameters, and particle and process data. This should allow the user to tailor the generation task to the topics of interest.

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PYTHIA 6.4 Physics and Manual

http://risa.stanford.edu/teaching/362/particledarkmatter.pdf

Particle dark matter: Evidence, candidates and constraints

This paper gives the 2010 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2010 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2006 adjustment as well as the data that became available from 1 January 2007, after the closing date of that adjustment, until 31 December 2010, the closing date of the new adjustment. Further, it describes in detail the adjustment of the values of the constants, including the selection of the final set of input data based on the results of least-squares analyses. The 2010 set replaces the previously recommended 2006 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants.

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006

Theory and phenomenology of two-Higgs-doublet models

We review the present status of QCD corrections to weak decays beyond the leading-logarithmic approximation, including particle-antiparticle mixing and rare and $\mathrm{CP}$-violating decays. After presenting the basic formalism for these calculations we discuss in detail the effective Hamiltonians of all decays for which the next-to-leading-order corrections are known. Subsequently, we present the phenomenological implications of these calculations. The values of various parameters are updated, in particular the mass of the newly discovered top quark. One of the central issues in this review are the theoretical uncertainties related to renormalization-scale ambiguities, which are substantially reduced by including next-to-leading-order corrections. The impact of this theoretical improvement on the determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix is then illustrated. [S0034-6861(96)00304-2]

Weak decays beyond leading logarithms

These are the proceedings of the workshop on ``Effective Field Theories in Nuclear, Particle and Atomic Physics'' held at the Physikzentrum Bad Honnef of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Bad Honnef, Germany from December 13 to 17, 2005. The workshop concentrated on Effective Field Theory in many contexts. A first part was concerned with Chiral Perturbation Theory in its various settings and explored strongly its use in relation with lattice QCD. The second part consisted of progress in effective field theories in systems with one, two or more nucleons as well as atomic physics. Included are a short contribution per talk.

Effective Field Theories in Nuclear Particle and Atomic Physics

The scalar form factors for the pions and kaons are calculated in SU(3) Chiral Perturbation Theory at order $p^6$, in the isospin limit $m_u=m_d=\hat{m}$. We find in general sizable corrections of $\mathcal{O}(p^6)$. We use our results to obtain results on the $1/N_c$ suppressed low energy constants $L_4^r$ and $L_6^r$ as well as on two $\mathcal{O}(p^6)$ low energy constants. We present some numerical results for masses and decay constants as well. 
We derive a relation for the scalar form factors analogous to Sirlin's relation for vector form factors.

Scalar Form Factors in SU(3) Chiral Perturbation Theory

We present a calculation of the finite volume corrections to meson masses and decay constants in three flavour Partially Quenched Chiral Perturbation Theory (PQChPT) through two-loop order in the chiral expansion for the flavour-charged (or off-diagonal) pseudoscalar mesons. The analytical results are obtained for three sea quark flavours with one, two or three different masses. We reproduce the known infinite volume results and the finite volume results in the unquenched case. The calculation has been performed using the supersymmetric formulation of PQChPT as well as with a quark-flow technique. 
Partial analytical results can be found in the appendices. Some examples of cases relevant to lattice QCD are studied numerically. Numerical programs for all results are available as part of the CHIRON package.

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Finite Volume for Three-Flavour Partially Quenched Chiral Perturbation Theory through NNLO in the Meson Sector

A representation of the two-loop contribution to the pion decay constant in $SU(3)$ chiral perturbation theory is presented. The result is analytic upto the contribution of the three (different) mass sunset integrals, for which an expansion in their external momentum has been taken. We also give an analytic expression for the two-loop contribution to the pion mass based on a renormalized representation and in terms of the physical eta mass. We find an expansion of $F_{\pi}$ and $M_{\pi}^2$ in the strange quark mass in the isospin limit, and perform the matching of the chiral SU(2) and SU(3) low energy constants. A numerical analysis demonstrates the high accuracy of our representation, and the strong dependence of the pion decay constant upon the values of the low energy constants, especially in the chiral limit. Finally, we present a simplified representation that is particularly suitable for fitting with available lattice data.

An Analytic Analysis of the Pion Decay Constant in Three-Flavoured Chiral Perturbation Theory

We calculate the two form-factors for the four Kaon to pion transitions via a vector current to order p 6 in Chiral Perturbation Theory to first order in isospin breaking via the quark masses. In addition we derive relations between these formfactors valid to first order in the up-down quark-mass difference but to all orders in Chiral Perturbation Theory. We present numerical results for all eight form-factors at t = 0 and for varying t and for the scalar form-factors at the Callan-Treiman point.

Johan Bijnens

Papers

Effective Field Theories in Nuclear Particle and Atomic Physics

Scalar Form Factors in SU(3) Chiral Perturbation Theory

Finite Volume for Three-Flavour Partially Quenched Chiral Perturbation Theory through NNLO in the Meson Sector

An Analytic Analysis of the Pion Decay Constant in Three-Flavoured Chiral Perturbation Theory

Isospin breaking in Kπ vector form-factors for the weak and rare decays Kℓ3, K → πνν and K → πℓ + ℓ −