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Cognition In The Wild

We present a survey on maritime object detection and tracking approaches, which are essential for the development of a navigational system for autonomous ships. The electro-optical (EO) sensor considered here is a video camera that operates in the visible or the infrared spectra, which conventionally complements radar and sonar for situational awareness at sea and has demonstrated its effectiveness over the last few years. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various approaches of video processing for object detection and tracking in the maritime environment. We follow an approach-based taxonomy wherein the advantages and limitations of each approach are compared. The object detection system consists of the following modules: horizon detection, static background subtraction, and foreground segmentation. Each of these has been studied extensively in maritime situations and has been shown to be challenging due to the presence of background motion especially due to waves and wakes. The key processes involved in object tracking include video frame registration, dynamic background subtraction, and the object tracking algorithm itself. The challenges for robust tracking arise due to camera motion, dynamic background, and low contrast of tracked object, possibly due to environmental degradation. The survey also discusses multisensor approaches and commercial maritime systems that use EO sensors. The survey also highlights methods from computer vision research, which hold promise to perform well in maritime EO data processing. Performance of several maritime and computer vision techniques is evaluated on Singapore Maritime Dataset.

Video Processing From Electro-Optical Sensors for Object Detection and Tracking in a Maritime Environment: A Survey

https://research.aalto.fi/files/11780013/1_s2.0_S0951832016303337_main.pdf

Towards the assessment of potential impact of unmanned vessels on maritime transportation safety

https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/211122/local_211122.pdf

Autonomous Unmanned Merchant Vessel and its Contribution towards the e-Navigation Implementation: The MUNIN Perspective

Prior research has shown that when drivers look away from the road to view a personal navigation device (PND), driving performance is affected. To keep visual attention on the road, an augmented reality (AR) PND using a heads-up display could overlay a navigation route. In this paper, we compare the AR PND, a technology that does not currently exist but can be simulated, with two PND technologies that are popular today: an egocentric street view PND and the standard map-based PND. Using a high-fidelity driving simulator, we examine the effect of all three PNDs on driving performance in a city traffic environment where constant, alert attention is required. Based on both objective and subjective measures, experimental results show that the AR PND exhibits the least negative impact on driving. We discuss the implications of these findings on PND design as well as methods for potential improvement.

/pdf/augmented-reality-vs-street-views-a-driving-simulator-study-40646otff4.pdf

Augmented reality vs. street views: a driving simulator study comparing two emerging navigation aids

The feasibility of unmanned, autonomous merchant vessels is investigated by the EU project MUNIN (Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks). The ships will be manned during passage to and from port and unmanned during ocean-passage. When unmanned, the ships will be controlled by an automatic system informed by onboard sensors allowing the ship to make standard collision avoidance manoeuvres according to international regulation. The ship will be continuously monitored by a remote shore centre able to take remote control should the automatic systems falter. For the humans in the shore control centre the usual problems of automations remains as well as a pronounced problem of keeping up adequate situation awareness through remote sensing.

https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/194797/local_194797.pdf

Situation awareness in remote control centres for unmanned ships

Ship manoeuvring is something that many seafarers perform, although little attention has been devoted to this in research literature. The topic has generally been explained by members of the trade as gaining knowledge through experience. The purpose of this study was to identify which factors contribute to the perceived state of a ship’s physical condition during manoeuvring. Eight master mariners were interviewed. The data resulted in a division of a sea voyage into three different phases, each requiring varying levels of effort from the bridge crew. The results further describe how the shiphandler strives for harmony between his ship and the environment. This is accomplished by personal factors such as spatial awareness, knowledge and experience to handle environmental factors of context, situation and vessel specific factors of inertia and the use of navigational instruments.

Ship sense—striving for harmony in ship manoeuvring

In this work-in-progress we present some ideas and findings involving map design and human performance. Satellites has once and for all automated geographic positioning and resulted in a plethora of map applications, not only in professional transportation but also in the private sphere, in cars and even for street use in mobile phones. But many people have problems using the traditional bird's-eye view maps. A maze experiment presented here show that an egocentric (out of the window) view of the map results in faster decision making and fewer errors. Can this also address some of the human-out-of-the-loop problems of navigation automation?

/pdf/design-of-human-map-system-interaction-3077ly1qj1.pdf

Design of human-map system interaction

EU has promised to reduce emissions by 80 % by 2050 For the shipping industry “slow steaming” for just-in-time arrival promises reductions of emissions But a rapid increase in the construction of offshore wind farms planned in the North Sea may lead to ships facing a very complex and safety critical traffic environment in the future Both of these issues bring ship traffic management to attention In the Baltic Sea, the EU project MONALISA has been looking at a voyage plan coordination system where a Ship Traffic Coordination Centre (STCC) handles a specific area, eg the Baltic Sea A prototype system was developed and tested in a full mission bridge simulator environment for some simple scenarios Qualitative data was collected; the main aim was to test mariners’ acceptance of such a system The participants were in general positive to the tested system; younger somewhat more than older Some concern was expressed over risks of de-skilling and a common concern was the importance of that the final control of the vessel should rest with the captain onboard

https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/190350/local_190350.pdf

Ship voyage plan coordination in the MONALISA project: user tests of a prototype ship traffic management system

This paper reports on a study within the framework of the research on 3-D Nautical Charts, using an egocentric perspective of the mapped area. To study the effectiveness of the egocentric perspective we use the maze experiment used earlier by Porathe (2005). Here we validate the experiment with persons more closely connected to the maritime domain, i.e. naval officers. The results clearly point in the same direction as Porathe’s earlier findings – the 3-D maps is easier to use, causes less groundings and shorter times on track than traditional navigational aids. Navigation, 3-D Nautical Charts, ego-, exocentric view, mental rotations

/pdf/navigation-with-2-d-and-3-d-maps-a-comparative-study-with-ln2kowur8v.pdf

Johannes Prison

Papers

Situation awareness in remote control centres for unmanned ships

Ship sense—striving for harmony in ship manoeuvring

Design of human-map system interaction

Ship voyage plan coordination in the MONALISA project: user tests of a prototype ship traffic management system

Navigation with 2-d and 3-d maps - a comparative study with maritime personnel