Graphenes as potential material for electronics.

Highly potent, but poorly water-soluble, drug candidates are common outcomes of contemporary drug discovery programmes and present a number of challenges to drug development - most notably, the issue of reduced systemic exposure after oral administration. However, it is increasingly apparent that formulations containing natural and/or synthetic lipids present a viable means for enhancing the oral bioavailability of some poorly water-soluble, highly lipophilic drugs. This Review details the mechanisms by which lipids and lipidic excipients affect the oral absorption of lipophilic drugs and provides a perspective on the possible future applications of lipid-based delivery systems. Particular emphasis has been placed on the capacity of lipids to enhance drug solubilization in the intestinal milieu, recruit intestinal lymphatic drug transport (and thereby reduce first-pass drug metabolism) and alter enterocyte-based drug transport and disposition.

Lipids and lipid-based formulations: optimizing the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs

Carbon dioxide is often promoted as a sustainable solvent, as CO 2 is non-flammable, exhibits a relatively low toxicity and is naturally abundant. However, injudicious use of carbon dioxide in a process or product can reduce rather than enhance overall sustainability. This review specifically examines the use of CO 2 to create greener processes and products, with a focus on research and commercialization efforts performed since 1995. The literature reveals that use of CO 2 has permeated almost all facets of the chemical industry and that careful application of CO 2 technology can result in products (and processes) that are cleaner, less expensive and of higher quality.

Supercritical and near-critical CO2 in green chemical synthesis and processing

Michael addition reactions in macromolecular design for emerging technologies

The present paper demonstrates that both hardwoods and softwoods are readily soluble in various imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) under gentle conditions. More specifically, a variety of ionic liquids can only partially dissolve wood chips, whereas ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride have good solvating power for Norway spruce sawdust and Norway spruce and Southern pine thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fibers. Despite the fact that the obtained solutions were not fully clear, these ionic liquids provided solutions which permitted the complete acetylation of the wood. Alternatively, transparent amber solutions of wood could be obtained when the dissolution of the same lignocellulosic samples was attempted in 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. This realization was based on a designed augmented interaction of the aromatic character of the cation of the ionic liquid with the lignin in the wood. After dissolution, wood can be regenerated as an ...

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Dissolution of wood in ionic liquids.

Die Aceton-sensibilisierte Photocycloaddition der Azauracile (I) an Olefine wird untersucht.

Photosensitized cycloadditions to 1,3-dimethyl-6-azauracil and 1,3-dimethyl-6-azathymine, an imine linkage unusually reactive toward photocycloaddition

Synthesis and chemistry of some 2-aminoethenesulfonyl fluorides. An unusual manganese dioxide oxidation

Photochemical cycloadditions of triplet 1,3-dimethyluracil to olefins. Structural studies on the adducts.

The invention provides processes for producing phytol, isophytol, and certain phytol derivatives by a method of oxidizing or epoxidizing geranylgeraniol or geranylgeraniol derivatives to form epoxygeranylgeraniol derivatives, reducing or hydrogenating the epoxygeranylgeraniol derivatives to produce epoxyphytol derivatives, and then deoxygenating the epoxyphytol derivatives to produce phytol, isophytol, phytene derivatives, isophytene derivatives, or mixtures thereof. The step of deoxygenating is carried out in the presence of deoxygenation catalysts, including rhenium trioxide compounds. The invention also provides methods for the synthesis of certain novel substituted epoxyphytyl compounds and substituted phytene compounds having removable protecting groups. The produced phytol, isophytol, phytene derivatives, isophytene derivatives, substituted epoxyphytyl compounds and substituted phytene compounds are suitable starting materials for condensation with trimethylhydroquinone derivatives in the presence of Lewis acids to give tocopherol derivatives including alpha-tocopherol, vitamin E.

Method of producing vitamin e

Compounds and compositions are disclosed for increasing the bioavailability of lipophilic drugs, and more specifically, to solubilizing lipophilic drugs using bioenhancers that cause no efflux inhibition or a desired degree of efflux inhibition. Methods of making and using such compositions are also disclosed.

Pharmaceutical formulations containing vitamin E TPGS molecules that solubilize lipophilic drugs without significant efflux inhibition, and use of such formulations

John A. Hyatt

Papers

Photosensitized cycloadditions to 1,3-dimethyl-6-azauracil and 1,3-dimethyl-6-azathymine, an imine linkage unusually reactive toward photocycloaddition

Synthesis and chemistry of some 2-aminoethenesulfonyl fluorides. An unusual manganese dioxide oxidation

Photochemical cycloadditions of triplet 1,3-dimethyluracil to olefins. Structural studies on the adducts.

Method of producing vitamin e

Pharmaceutical formulations containing vitamin E TPGS molecules that solubilize lipophilic drugs without significant efflux inhibition, and use of such formulations