Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

This article presents a review of the book “Organizations: Rational, Natural and Open Systems,” by W.R. Scott.

Organizations: Rational, Natural and Open Systems

This article makes three points. First, the police need public support and cooperation to be effective in their order-maintenance role, and they particularly benefit when they have the voluntary support and cooperation of most members of the public, most of the time. Second, such voluntary support and cooperation is linked to judgments about the legitimacy of the police. A central reason people cooperate with the police is that they view them as legitimate legal authorities, entitled to be obeyed. Third, a key antecedent of public judgments about the legitimacy of the police and of policing activities involves public assessments of the manner in which the police exercise their authority. Such procedural-justice judgments are central to public evaluations of the police and influence such evaluations separately from assessments of police effectiveness in fighting crime. These findings suggest the importance of enhancing public views about the legitimacy of the police and suggest process-based strategies for...

/pdf/enhancing-police-legitimacy-kcud8eorjx.pdf

Enhancing Police Legitimacy

Legal authorities gain when they receive deference and cooperation from the public. Considerable evidence suggests that the key factor shaping public behavior is the fairness of the processes legal authorities use when dealing with members of the public. This reaction occurs both during personal experiences with legal authorities and when community residents are making general evaluations of the law and of legal authorities. The strength and breadth of this influence suggests the value of an approach to regulation based upon sensitivity to public concerns about fairness in the exercise of legal authority. Such an approach leads to a number of suggestions about valuable police practices, as well as helping explain why improvements in the objective performance of the police and courts have not led to higher levels of public trust and confidence in those institutions.

Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and the Effective Rule of Law

Social disorganization theory focuses on the relationship between neighborhood structure, social control, and crime. Recent theoretical and empirical work on the relationship between community characteristics and crime has led to important refinements of social disorganization theory, yet there remain some substantive and methodological deficiencies in this body of work. This article addresses these problems and charts some promising new directions in social disorganization theory.

New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory

A growing body of empirical research on teacher victimization indicates that it is widespread and yields negative consequences. However, limited research has investigated the relationship between t...

Teacher Victimization and Turnover: Focusing on Different Types and Multiple Victimization

School bullying and victimization is a serious social and school issue Negative consequences for victims, bullies, and overall school climate have been documented across different contexts, cultures, and countries The extant research indicates that bullying is a significant predictor of delinquency and criminal behaviors Research also indicates that bullying victims are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and learning difficulties Together, the findings suggest avenues for theoretical testing and intervention programs to reduce bullying and ameliorate its consequences This special issue seeks to enhance our understanding and knowledge of these issues, focusing on the etiology of bullying and victimization, and to suggest specific policy implications for addressing bullying and victimization We present nine articles that examine some of these issues, using samples of diverse populations from Cyprus, England, Greece, and the United States Language: en

https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2013/626317.pdf

School bullying and victimization

This paper elaborates on feminist theory using Emerson's (1983) notion of holistic effects. We propose that the processing of juvenile female status offenders may vary systematically with the level of sex crimes in a community. This hypothesis is tested using a time series analysis of monthly status arrests in a Midwestern city. Our models indicate a significant increase in female status arrests at one “intervention” point, but no changes were found for male status arrest levels. We conclude that heterogeneity of processing of female offenders within single jurisdictions is an important avenue for future theoretical and empirical exploration.

Juvenile Female Arrests

Document Title: Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI): Detroit, Michigan

Data from body-worn cameras (BWCs) have emerged as a new approach to measuring police activity. These data, in the form of video footage, represent a new method to systematically examine how critical incidents involving police unfold. Recently, law enforcement agencies have begun documenting and releasing elements of video and other data to offer the public their accounts of critical incidents involving police-citizen encounters. These include officer-involved shootings, use of force, and police activity involving protests and demonstrations. The current research analyzes these critical incidents in three interrelated ways: First, we describe the extent to which BWC footage is used in the critical incident accounts. Second, we assess the quality of the audio and video within the BWC footage that is released. Third, we closely code and analyze the data for patterns of police use of force and citizen resistance within the context of extant theories of use of force. The implications for policy and research, and the utility and limitations of this method for future research are considered. 

John D. McCluskey

Papers

Teacher Victimization and Turnover: Focusing on Different Types and Multiple Victimization

School bullying and victimization

Juvenile Female Arrests

Document Title: Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI): Detroit, Michigan

Police accounts of critical incidents: a descriptive and empirical assessment