Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Microbes are the unseen majority in soil and comprise a large portion of lifes genetic diversity. Despite their abundance, the impact of soil microbes on ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Here we explore the various roles that soil microbes play in terrestrial ecosystems with special emphasis on their contribution to plant productivity and diversity. Soil microbes are important regulators of plant productivity, especially in nutrient poor ecosystems where plant symbionts are responsible for the acquisition of limiting nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogenfixing bacteria are responsible for c. 5‐20% (grassland and savannah) to 80% (temperate and boreal forests) of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of phosphorus, that is acquired by plants annually. Free-living microbes also strongly regulate plant productivity, through the mineralization of, and competition for, nutrients that sustain plant productivity. Soil microbes, including microbial pathogens, are also important regulators of plant community dynamics and plant diversity, determining plant abundance and, in some cases, facilitating invasion by exotic plants. Conservative estimates suggest that c. 20 000 plant species are completely dependent on microbial symbionts for growth and survival pointing to the importance of soil microbes as regulators of plant species richness on Earth. Overall, this review shows that soil microbes must be considered as important drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.

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The unseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems

Priming effects are strong short-term changes in the turnover of soil organic matter caused by comparatively moderate treatments of the soil. In the course of priming effects large amounts of C, N and other nutrients can be released or immobilized in soil in a very short time. These effects have been measured in many field and laboratory experiments; however, only a few of the studies were aimed at an extended investigation of the mechanisms of such phenomena. The aim of this overview is to reveal possible causes and processes leading to priming actions using the references on agricultural ecosystems and model experiments. Multiple mechanisms and sources of released C and N are presented and summarized in Tables for positive and negative real and apparent priming effects induced after the addition of different organic and mineral substances to the soil. Soil microbial biomass plays the key role in the processes leading to the real priming effects. The most important mechanisms for the real priming effects are the acceleration or retardation of soil organic matter turnover due to increased activity or amount of microbial biomass. Isotopic exchange, pool substitution, and different uncontrolled losses of mineralized N from the soil are responsible for the apparent N priming effects. Other multiple mechanisms (predation, competition for nutrients between roots and microorganisms, preferred uptake, inhibition, etc.) in response to addition of different substances are also discussed. These mechanisms can be distinguished from each other by the simultaneous monitoring of C and N release dynamics; its comparison with the course of microbial activity; and by the labelling of different pools with 14 C or 13 C and 15 N. Quantitative methods for describing priming effects and their dynamics using 14 C and 15 N isotopes, as well as for non-isotopic studies are proposed.

Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects.

Concern is growing about the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem functioning, for the provision of ecosystem services, and for human well being. Experimental evidence for a relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem process rates is compelling, but the issue remains contentious. Here, we present the first rigorous quantitative assessment of this relationship through meta-analysis of experimental work spanning 50 years to June 2004. We analysed 446 measures of biodiversity effects (252 in grasslands), 319 of which involved primary producer manipulations or measurements. Our analyses show that: biodiversity effects are weaker if biodiversity manipulations are less well controlled; effects of biodiversity change on processes are weaker at the ecosystem compared with the community level and are negative at the population level; productivity-related effects decline with increasing number of trophic links between those elements manipulated and those measured; biodiversity effects on stability measures ('insurance' effects) are not stronger than biodiversity effects on performance measures. For those ecosystem services which could be assessed here, there is clear evidence that biodiversity has positive effects on most. Whilst such patterns should be further confirmed, a precautionary approach to biodiversity management would seem prudent in the meantime.

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2100/1/Balvanera_etal_EL_06V.pdf

Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services.

https://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/public/downloads/Nguyenetal2015b.pdf

FUNGuild: An open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild

Introduction, J. Dighton, J.F. White, Jr., and P. Oudemans STRUCTURE OF FUNGAL COMMUNITIES Linking Function between Scales of Resolution, S.J. Morris and G.P. Robertson Fungal Communities: Their Diversity and Distribution, D.L. Hawksworth and G.M. Mueller Freshwater Fungal Communities, F. Barlocher Marine Fungal Communities, T. Kis-Papo Tropical Fungi, K.D. Hyde, L. Cai, and R. Jeewon Lichens and Microfungi in Biological Soil Crusts: Community Structure, Physiology, and Ecological Functions, J. Belnap and O.L. Lange Mycorrhizal Fungi in Successional Environments: A Community Assembly Model Incorporating Host Plant, Environmental, and Biotic Filters, A. Jumpponen and L.M. Egerton-Warburton Fungal Communities: Relation to Resource Succession, J.-F. Ponge Emerging Perspectives on the Ecological Roles of Endophytic Fungi in Tropical Plants, S.A. Van Bael, Z. Maynard, E. Rojas, L.C. Mejia, D.A. Kyllo, and E.A. Herre, N. Robbins, J.F. Bischoff, and A.E. Arnold Classical Methods and Modern Analysis for Studying Fungal Diversity, J.P. Schmit and D.J. Lodge Fungal Diversity in Molecular Terms: Profiling, Identification, and Quantification in the Environment, M.I. Bidartondo and M. Gardes Analytical and Experimental Methods for Estimating Population Genetic Structure of Fungi, J. Zhan and B.A. McDonald Interspecific Interaction Terminology: From Mycology to General Ecology, A.R. Tuininga FUNCTION OF FUNGAL COMMUNITIES Fungal Activity as Determined by Microscale Methods with Special Emphasis on Interactions with Heavy Metals, K. Turnau and I. Kottke Exploring Fungal Activity with Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy, K.J. Czymmek Enzymatic Activities of Mycelia in Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities, B.D. Lindahl, R.D. Finlay, and J.W.G. Cairney Fungal Enzymes at the Community Scale, R.L. Sinsabaugh Using Isotopic Tracers to Follow Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling of Fungi, E.A. Hobbie Diversity-Functioning Relationships in Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities, J.W. Baxter and J. Dighton Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses as Pathogens of the Fungal Community, D.Y. Kobayashi and B.I. Hillman Fungal Endophytes in Terrestrial Communities and Ecosystems, J.A. Rudgers and K. Clay Mechanisms of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Mediation of Plant-Plant Interactions, J.D. Bever and P.A. Schultz Impacts of Plant Pathogenic Fungi on Plant Communities, E.M. Hansen and J.K. Stone The Epichloe Endophytes of Grasses and the Symbiotic Continuum, C.L. Schardl and A. Leuchtmann Evolutionary Development of the Clavicipitaceae, J.F. Bischoff and J.F. White, Jr. Ecological Fitness Factors for Fungi within the Balansieae and Clavicipiteae, C.W. Bacon and P. Lyons Fungal Communities of Seaweeds, A. Zuccaro and J.I. Mitchell Trophic Interactions of Fungi and Animals, L. Ruess and J. Lussenhop Sporocarp Mycophagy: Nutritional, Behavioral, Evolutionary, and Physiological Aspects, A.W. Claridge and J. M. Trappe Hypogeous Fungi: Evolution of Reproductive and Dispersal Strategies through Interactions with Animals and Mycorrhizal Plants, J.M. Trappe and A.W. Claridge HUMAN IMPACTS ON FUNGAL COMMUNITIES AND THEIR FUNCTION Human Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: An Overview, M.J. Swift Oligotrophic Growth of Fungi, M. Wainwright Fungal Communities of Desert Ecosystems: Links to Climate Change, John Zak Symbiotic Lifestyle Expression by Fungal Endophytes and the Adaptation of Plants to Stress: Unraveling the Complexities of Intimacy, R.J. Rodriguez, R.S. Redman, and J.M. Henson Biological Soil Crusts and Global Changes: What Does the Future Hold? J. Belnap and O.L. Lange Nutrient Acquisition Strategies of Fungi and Their Relation to Elevated Atmospheric CO2, K.K. Treseder Toxic Metals and Fungal Communities, M. Fomina, E.P. Burford, and G. M. Gadd Radionuclides and Fungal Communities, N.N. Zhdanova, V.A. Zakharchenko, and K. Haselwandter How Do Composition, Structure, and Function of Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities Respond to Nitrogen Deposition and Ozone Exposure? E.A. Lilleskov Micromycete Associations in the Rhizosphere of Steppe and Agrophytocenose Plants, E. Golovko and N. Ellanska Fungal Communities of Agroecosystems, M.E. Stromberger Effects of Forest Management on Fungal Communities, D.M. Durall, M.D. Jones, and K.J. Lewis Exotic Species and Fungi: Interactions with Fungal, Plant, and Animal Communities, D.M. Rizzo PRESERVING FUNGAL COMMUNITIES Fungal Conservation: Some Impressions - A Personal View, R. Watling

The fungal community : its organization and role in the ecosystem

Beyond the Biomass.

The influence of litter quality on root growth, ectomycorrhizal communities and decay processes was investigated through a litter bag experiment. Litter bags containing either pine needles, oak leaves or oak+pine mix were placed within the O horizon of a lowland pitch pine (Pinus rigida) forest in the New Jersey Pinelands. Upon retrieval, ingrown pine roots were removed and quantified for total length and percent ectomycorrhizal colonization by morphotype. Phosphatase activity was determined for dominant morphotypes. In addition, litter decay rates and N and P litter content were measured. Mixed litter (oak+pine) had highest total pine root ingrowth. Dominant ectomycorrhizal morphotypes differed in response to litter type. A tuberculate form dominated (35%) in pine litters while distinctly different nontuberculate morphotypes dominated in oak and mixed litters. High phosphatase activity of morphotypes was correlated with high phosphorus immobilization during oak leaf decay. Results indicate that a mix of forest litters (oak and pine) optimizes retention of scarce nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The diverse chemical environment of these different litter types induces different ectomycorrhizal community development which show functional differences in the way phosphorus is likely to be cycled. The influence of litter type on diversity and function of ectomycorhizae is an important step in identifying linkages between biodiversity of this group and ecosystem functions.

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Litter quality influences on decomposition, ectomycorrhizal community structure and mycorrhizal root surface acid phosphatase activity

Preface Introduction Fungi and Primary Productivity: Making Nutrients Available Fungi and Primary Productivity: Plant Growth and Carbon Fixation Fungi, Secondary Productivity, and Other Fungal-Faunal Interactions Fungi and Population and Community Regulation Fungal Interactions with Humans Synopsis and Outlook to the Future Index

https://fmedicine.ajums.ac.ir/_fmedicine/Documents/Fungi%20in%20ecosystem%20processes_20130417_085732.pdf

John Dighton

Papers

The fungal community : its organization and role in the ecosystem

Beyond the Biomass.

Litter quality influences on decomposition, ectomycorrhizal community structure and mycorrhizal root surface acid phosphatase activity

Fungi in Ecosystem Processes

Mycorrhizal dynamics during forest tree development