https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

1. Setting the Scope of the Challenge 6474 1.1. The Need for Solar Energy Supply and Storage 6474 1.2. An Imperative for Discovery Research 6477 1.3. Scope of Review 6478 2. Large-Scale Centralized Energy Storage 6478 2.1. Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES) 6479 2.2. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 6480 3. Smaller Scale Grid and Distributed Energy Storage 6481 3.1. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) 6481 3.2. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 6482 4. Chemical Energy Storage: Electrochemical 6482 4.1. Batteries 6482 4.1.1. Lead-Acid Batteries 6483 4.1.2. Alkaline Batteries 6484 4.1.3. Lithium-Ion Batteries 6484 4.1.4. High-Temperature Sodium Batteries 6484 4.1.5. Liquid Flow Batteries 6485 4.1.6. Metal-Air Batteries 6485 4.2. Capacitors 6485 5. Chemical Energy Storage: Solar Fuels 6486 5.1. Solar Fuels in Nature 6486 5.2. Artificial Photosynthesis and General Considerations of Water Splitting 6486

Solar Energy Supply and Storage for the Legacy and Nonlegacy Worlds

This paper reviews recent progress made in identifying electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to produce low-carbon fuels, including CO, HCOOH/HCOO−, CH2O, CH4, H2C2O4/HC2O4−, C2H4, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH and others. The electrocatalysts are classified into several categories, including metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, metal complexes, polymers/clusters, enzymes and organic molecules. The catalyts' activity, product selectivity, Faradaic efficiency, catalytic stability and reduction mechanisms during CO2 electroreduction have received detailed treatment. In particular, we review the effects of electrode potential, solution–electrolyte type and composition, temperature, pressure, and other conditions on these catalyst properties. The challenges in achieving highly active and stable CO2 reduction electrocatalysts are analyzed, and several research directions for practical applications are proposed, with the aim of mitigating performance degradation, overcoming additional challenges, and facilitating research and development in this area.

A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to produce low-carbon fuels

▪ Abstract Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is an important mechanism for charge transfer in a wide variety of systems including biology- and materials-oriented venues. We review several are...

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Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer

Heme-Containing Oxygenases

Structure and redox properties of the water-oxidation catalyst [(bpy)2(OH2)RuORu(OH2)(bpy)2]4+

A UK survey of plasticizer levels in retail foods (73 samples) wrapped in plasticized films or materials with plasticized coatings has been carried out. A wide range of different food‐types packaged in vinylidene chloride copolymers (PVDC), nitrocellulose‐coated regenerated cellulose film (RCF) and cellulose acetate were purchased from retail and ‘take‐away’ outlets. Plasticizers found in these films were dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) in PVDC, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and diphenyl 2‐ethylhexyl phosphate (DPOP) in RCF coataings, and diethyl phthlate (DEP) in cellulose acetate. Foodstuffs analysed included cheese, pate, chocolate and confectionery products, meat pies, cake, quiches and sandwiches. Analysis was by stable isotope dilution GC/MS for DBP, DCHP and DEP, GC/MS (selected ion monitoring) for BBP and DPOP, and GC with flame ionization detection for DBS and ATBC, but with mass spectrometric confirmation. Levels of...

Migration from plasticized films into foods. 3. Migration of phthalate, sebacate, citrate and phosphate esters from films used for retail food packaging.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L) fruits from plants grown hydroponically on polyacrylamide gel were obtained in order to assess any possible uptake of acrylamide monomer from the nutrient solution to the fruit during cultivation. Analysis of acrylamide in the gel itself involved aqueous extraction, bromination and then capillary GC determination with nitrogen-specific detection. By standard addition a level of 0·18 ± 0·01 g kg−1 residual monomer was found to be present in a sample of gel used by an experimental horticultural station. Tomato fruits were analysed by extraction of the aqueous phase, bromination, silica-gel cartridge clean-up and capillary GC–MS determination by selected ion monitoring. The recovery of the method was 26–62% but losses throughout were compensated for by use of 2,3-dibromo-2-dimethylpropionamide internal standard. No acrylamide monomer could be detected in tomato fruits from plants grown hydroponically on polyacrylamide gel at a limit of detection of 1 × 10−6 g kg−1, demonstrating that the monomer is not transferred from the growing medium into tomato fruits.

Determination of acrylamide monomer in hydroponically grown tomato fruits by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A method is reported for the determination of the Fusarium mycotoxin moniliformin in cereals. The samples after extraction with acetonitrile/water are cleaned‐up on a combination of reverse‐phase and strong‐anion exchange disposable cartridge columns. The extract is then analysed by ion‐pair HPLC with UV detection. The method gave recoveries from 81 to 96% and a limit of detection of 0.05 mg/kg. A UK survey of 36 samples of maize products (principally meal and flour) generally showed detectable but low levels of contamination ranging from 0.05 to 0.25 mg/kg (with the exception of three samples where moniliformin levels were < 0.05 mg/kg). Sixty‐four samples of maize from ten different countries showed generally higher levels of moniliformin contamination, with samples from Gambia and South Africa containing 3.16 and 2.73 mg/kg respectively. Field samples of maize, oats, wheat, rye and tricticale that were hand‐selected as showing signs of visible fungal damage were obtained from Poland. Moniliformin was c...

A survey of the occurrence of the mycotoxin moniliformin in cereal samples from sources worldwide.

Migration of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) oligomers from PET plastics into foods during microwave and conventional cooking and into bottled beverages

John Gilbert

Papers

Structure and redox properties of the water-oxidation catalyst [(bpy)2(OH2)RuORu(OH2)(bpy)2]4+

Migration from plasticized films into foods. 3. Migration of phthalate, sebacate, citrate and phosphate esters from films used for retail food packaging.

Determination of acrylamide monomer in hydroponically grown tomato fruits by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A survey of the occurrence of the mycotoxin moniliformin in cereal samples from sources worldwide.

Migration of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) oligomers from PET plastics into foods during microwave and conventional cooking and into bottled beverages