Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountaintop species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species’ ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level

https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/documents/R2ES/LitCited/LPC_2012/Parmesan_2006.pdf

Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change

The influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition. 
The isotopic composition of the nitrogen in an animal reflects the nitrogen isotopic composition of its diet. The δ^(15)N values of the whole bodies of animals are usually more positive than those of their diets. Different individuals of a species raised on the same diet can have significantly different δ^(15)N values. The variability of the relationship between the δ^(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different species raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets. Different tissues of mice are also enriched in ^(15)N relative to the diet, with the difference between the δ^(15)N values of a tissue and the diet depending on both the kind of tissue and the diet involved. The δ^(15)N values of collagen and chitin, biochemical components that are often preserved in fossil animal remains, are also related to the δ^(15)N value of the diet. 
The dependence of the δ^(15)N values of whole animals and their tissues and biochemical components on the δ^(15)N value of diet indicates that the isotopic composition of animal nitrogen can be used to obtain information about an animal's diet if its potential food sources had different δ^(15)N values. The nitrogen isotopic method of dietary analysis probably can be used to estimate the relative use of legumes vs non-legumes or of aquatic vs terrestrial organisms as food sources for extant and fossil animals. However, the method probably will not be applicable in those modern ecosystems in which the use of chemical fertilizers has influenced the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in food sources. 
The isotopic method of dietary analysis was used to reconstruct changes in the diet of the human population that occupied the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico over a 7000 yr span. Variations in the δ^(15)C and δ^(15)N values of bone collagen suggest that C_4 and/or CAM plants (presumably mostly corn) and legumes (presumably mostly beans) were introduced into the diet much earlier than suggested by conventional archaeological analysis.

Influence of Diet On the Distribtion of Nitrogen Isotopes in Animals

Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.

/pdf/climate-change-2007-the-physical-science-basis-1x93ttz9jt.pdf

Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Paper Climate Change and Water draws together and evaluates the information in IPCC Assessment and Special Reports concerning the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes and regimes, and on freshwater resources – their availability, quality, use and management. It takes into account current and projected regional key vulnerabilities, prospects for adaptation, and the relationships between climate change mitigation and water. Its objectives are:

/pdf/climate-change-and-water-2dpc0zbpsj.pdf

Climate change and water.

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Part I: Introduction, Numerical Overview, and Data-Sets. 1. The march towards the quantitative analysis of palaeolimnological data 2. Overview of numerical methods in palaeolimnology 3. Data-sets Part II: Numerical Methods for the Analysis of Modern and Stratigraphical Palaeolimnological Data 4. Introduction and overview of Part II 5. Exploratory data analysis and data display 6. Assessment of uncertainties associated with palaeolimnological laboratory methods and microfossil analysis 7. Clustering and partitioning 8. From classical to canonical ordination 9. Statistical learning in palaeolimnology Part III: Numerical Methods for the Analysis of Stratigraphical Palaeolimnological Data 10. Introduction and overview of Part III 11. Analysis of stratigraphical data 12. Estimation of age-depth relationships 13. Core correlation 14. Quantitative environmental reconstructions from biological data 15. Analogue methods in palaeolimnology 16. Autocorrelogram and periodogram analyses of palaeolimnological temporal-series from lakes in central and western North America to assess shifts in drought conditions Part IV: Case Studies and Future Developments in Quantitative Palaeolimnology 17. Introduction and overview of Part IV 18. Limnological responses to environmental changes at inter-annual to decadal time scales 19.Human impacts - applications of numerical methods to evaluate surface-water acidification and eutrophication 20.Tracking Holocene climatic change with aquatic biota from lake sediments: case studies of commonly used numerical techniques 21. Conclusions and future challenges.- Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations Index

Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments

Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments: Data Handling and Statistical Techniques

In the 12 years since Dudgeon et al. (2006) reviewed major pressures on freshwater ecosystems, the biodiversity crisis in
the world’s lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams and wetlands has deepened. While lakes, reservoirs and rivers cover only
2.3% of the Earth’s surface, these ecosystems host at least 9.5% of the Earth’s described animal species. Furthermore,
using the World Wide Fund for Nature’s Living Planet Index, freshwater population declines (83% between 1970 and
2014) continue to outpace contemporaneous declines in marine or terrestrial systems. The Anthropocene has brought
multiple new and varied threats that disproportionately impact freshwater systems. We document 12 emerging threats
to freshwater biodiversity that are either entirely new since 2006 or have since intensified: (i) changing climates; (ii)
e-commerce and invasions; (iii) infectious diseases; (iv) harmful algal blooms; (v) expanding hydropower; (vi) emerging
contaminants; (vii) engineered nanomaterials; (viii) microplastic pollution; (ix) light and noise; (x) freshwater salinisation;
(xi) declining calcium; and (xii) cumulative stressors. Effects are evidenced for amphibians, fishes, invertebrates, microbes,
plants, turtles and waterbirds, with potential for ecosystem-level changes through bottom-up and top-down processes.
In our highly uncertain future, the net effects of these threats raise serious concerns for freshwater ecosystems. However,
we also highlight opportunities for conservation gains as a result of novel management tools (e.g. environmental flows,
environmental DNA) and specific conservation-oriented actions (e.g. dam removal, habitat protection policies,managed
relocation of species) that have been met with varying levels of success.Moving forward, we advocate hybrid approaches
that manage fresh waters as crucial ecosystems for human life support as well as essential hotspots of biodiversity and
ecological function. Efforts to reverse global trends in freshwater degradation now depend on bridging an immense gap
between the aspirations of conservation biologists and the accelerating rate of species endangerment.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12480

Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity

Part I. Introduction: 1. Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue Eugene F. Stoermer and John P. Smol Part II. Diatoms as Indicators of Environmental Change in Flowing Waters and Lakes: 2. Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms R. Jan Stevenson and Yangdong Pan 3. Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic climatic change in saline lakes S. C. Fritz, B. F. Cumming, F. Gasse and K. R. Laird 4. Diatoms as mediators of biogeochemical silica depletion in the Laurentian Great Lakes Claire L. Schelske 5. Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity Richard W. Battarbee, Donald F. Charles, Sushil S. Dixit and Ingemar Renberg 6. Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication Roland I. Hall and John P. Smol 7. Continental diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change J. Platt Bradbury 8. Diatoms as indicators of water-level change in freshwater lakes Julie A. Wolin and Hamish C. Duthie Part III. Diatoms as Indicators in Extreme Environments: 9. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change near Arctic alpine treeline Andre F. Lotter, Reinhard Pienitz and Roland Schmidt 10. Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the high Arctic Marianne S. V. Douglas and John P. Smol 11. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in Antarctic freshwaters S. A. Spaulding and D. M. McKnight 12. Diatoms of aerial habitats Jeffery R. Johansen Part IV. Diatoms as Indicators in Marine Estuarine Environments: 13. Diatoms as indicators of coastal paleoenvironments relative to sea-level change Luc Denys and Hein de Wolf 14. Diatoms and environmental change in brackish waters Pauli Snoeijs 15. Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments Michael J. Sullivan 16. Estuarine paleoenvironmental reconstructions using diatoms Sherri Rumer Cooper 17. Diatoms and marine paleoceanography Constance Sancetta Part V. Other Applications: 18. Diatoms and archaeology Steve Juggins and Nigel Cameron 19. Diatoms in oil gas exploration William N. Krebs 20. Forensic science diatoms A. J. Peabody 21. Toxic harmful marine diatoms Greta A. Fryxell and Maria Celia Villac 22. Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport Margaret A. Harper 23. Diatomite David M. Harwood Part VI. Conclusions: Epilogue Eugene F. Stoermer and John P. Smol Glossary Index.

The diatoms : applications for the environmental and earth sciences

datapages browse by date datapages search and discovery 2018 deblended data reconstruction using a closed loop approach for time lapse seismic monitoring tomohide ishiyama mohammed y ali gerrit blacquire and shotaro nakayama 4232

John P. Smol

Papers

Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments

Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments: Data Handling and Statistical Techniques

Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity

The diatoms : applications for the environmental and earth sciences

Tracking environmental change using lake sediments. Volume 3: Terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators.